(a) What is the expected count for non-athletes with the RR genotype? For this cell, what is the contribution to the chi-square statistic Round your answer for the expected count to two decimal places, and your answer for the contribution to the chi-square statistic to three decimal places. Expected count = i Contribution to the chi-square statistic = i (b) What are the degrees of freedom for the test? df = i (c) What is the chi-square test statistic? What is the p-value? What is the conclusion of the test? chi-square statistic = i p-value = i Conclusion: Ho. Does the test indicate an association between these two variables?

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GENETICS AND FAST-TWITCH MUSCLES
The gene ACTN3 encodes a protein that functions in fast-twitch muscles. People can be classified according to which genotype of this
gene they have, RR, RX, or XX, and also according to which genetic allele they have, R or X. The study¹ described here, examines the
association between this gene and different subgroups of the population. All participants in the study live in Australia. The earlier
exercises only included the control group.
Testing Genotypes for Fast-Twitch Muscles
The study on genetics and fast-twitch muscles includes a sample of elite sprinters, a sample of elite endurance athletes, and a control
group of non-athletes. Is there an association between genotype classification (RR, RX, or XX) and group (sprinter, endurance, control
group)? Computer output is shown for this chi-square test. In each cell, the top number is the observed count, the middle number is the
expected count, and the bottom number is the contribution to the chi-square statistic.
Control
Sprint
Endurance
Total
RR
130
143.76
1.316
53
35.28
8.901
60
63.96
0.246
243
RX
226
214.15 78.09
0.655
0.047
48
52.56
0.395
88
95.29
0.558
XX
80
362
6
19.16
9.043
46
34.75
3.645
132
Chi-Sq = 24.805, DF = 4, P-Value = 0.000
Total
436
107
194
737
Transcribed Image Text:GENETICS AND FAST-TWITCH MUSCLES The gene ACTN3 encodes a protein that functions in fast-twitch muscles. People can be classified according to which genotype of this gene they have, RR, RX, or XX, and also according to which genetic allele they have, R or X. The study¹ described here, examines the association between this gene and different subgroups of the population. All participants in the study live in Australia. The earlier exercises only included the control group. Testing Genotypes for Fast-Twitch Muscles The study on genetics and fast-twitch muscles includes a sample of elite sprinters, a sample of elite endurance athletes, and a control group of non-athletes. Is there an association between genotype classification (RR, RX, or XX) and group (sprinter, endurance, control group)? Computer output is shown for this chi-square test. In each cell, the top number is the observed count, the middle number is the expected count, and the bottom number is the contribution to the chi-square statistic. Control Sprint Endurance Total RR 130 143.76 1.316 53 35.28 8.901 60 63.96 0.246 243 RX 226 214.15 78.09 0.655 0.047 48 52.56 0.395 88 95.29 0.558 XX 80 362 6 19.16 9.043 46 34.75 3.645 132 Chi-Sq = 24.805, DF = 4, P-Value = 0.000 Total 436 107 194 737
(a) What is the expected count for non-athletes with the RR genotype? For this cell, what is the contribution to the chi-square statistic?
Round your answer for the expected count to two decimal places, and your answer for the contribution to the chi-square statistic to
three decimal places.
Expected count = i
Contribution to the chi-square statistic = i
(b) What are the degrees of freedom for the test?
df =
(c) What is the chi-square test statistic? What is the p-value? What is the conclusion of the test?
chi-square statistic = i
p-value= i
Conclusion:
Ho.
Does the test indicate an association between these two variables?
(d) For the cell which contributes the most to the chi-square statistic, is the observed count greater than or less than the expected
count?
(e) Which genotype is most over-represented in sprinters?
Which genotype is most overrepresented in endurance athletes?
Transcribed Image Text:(a) What is the expected count for non-athletes with the RR genotype? For this cell, what is the contribution to the chi-square statistic? Round your answer for the expected count to two decimal places, and your answer for the contribution to the chi-square statistic to three decimal places. Expected count = i Contribution to the chi-square statistic = i (b) What are the degrees of freedom for the test? df = (c) What is the chi-square test statistic? What is the p-value? What is the conclusion of the test? chi-square statistic = i p-value= i Conclusion: Ho. Does the test indicate an association between these two variables? (d) For the cell which contributes the most to the chi-square statistic, is the observed count greater than or less than the expected count? (e) Which genotype is most over-represented in sprinters? Which genotype is most overrepresented in endurance athletes?
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