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A) What is Quaternary alluvium? B) What is Holocene mud? C) Which rock type shown on the map in Figure 1 is probably the most rigid and most consolidated? D) Which rock type shown on Figure 1 probably contains the most water? E) Which of the three sites (S1, S3 or S4) experienced the MOST shaking and how do you know? F) What is the geologic unit mapped at each site: S1, S3 and 54? G) Based on your answers on this table, how did the underlying geologic deposits contribute to the collapse of the Nimitz freeway?

A) What is Quaternary alluvium? B) What is Holocene mud? C) Which rock type shown on the map in Figure 1 is probably the most rigid and most consolidated? D) Which rock type shown on Figure 1 probably contains the most water? E) Which of the three sites (S1, S3 or S4) experienced the MOST shaking and how do you know? F) What is the geologic unit mapped at each site: S1, S3 and 54? G) Based on your answers on this table, how did the underlying geologic deposits contribute to the collapse of the Nimitz freeway?

Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN:9780134746241
Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Publisher:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Chapter1: The Study Of Minerals
Section: Chapter Questions
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Read the text below that follows concerning the Loma Prieta Earthquake. Examine Figure 1 and Figure 2 as you read this text. The Loma Prieta Earthquake On October 17, 1989, just prior to game one of the World Series between the San Francisco Giants and the Oakland Athletics, a magnitude 7.1 Earthquake struck northern California (This earthquake is known as the Loma Prieta Earthquake). The earthquake occurred in the mountains west of San Jose California on the San Andreas Fault. As a result of the earthquake, 41 people were killed when a double-decked section of the Nimitz Freeway in Oakland collapsed, crushing people in the cars on the lower deck. A geologic map showing the various rock types present in the Oakland area and the location of the collapsed portion of the freeway (shown as a short-dashed line) is depicted below in Figure 1. Between the thick bars is the area where the freeway was double-decked. On the map, the areas marked as Holocene mud are areas that were formerly occupied by San Francisco Bay, but have been filled with loose sediment in the last several hundred years, the mud contains lots of water in the pore spaces between the grains. The areas marked Quaternary Alluvium are areas underlain by unconsolidated gravel, sand, and silt sediments deposited by streams over the last 2.6 million years. The area marked Franciscan Formation is underlain by solid sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks that are over 65 million years old. Figure 1: Simplified Geologic Map of the San Francisco Bay Area TREASURE IS. BAY BRIDGE YERBA BUENA IS. OAKLAND TO SAN FRANCISCO 3 km MAP AREA SACRAMENTO Holocene Mud, 0-40m thick a STOCKTON Quaternary Alluvium, 0-50m thick SAN OAKLAND FRANCStO Fransiscan Formation - Sandstone and Shale with Greenstone, Chert, Limestone, • GAN JO GE Conglomerate, and Metamorphic Rocks Several days after the magnitude 7.1 earthquake, small aftershocks shook the area. All had epicenters near the main shock of October 17. Seismologists placed several portable seismometers at stations S1, S3, and S4 (as shown on the map) and recorded these aftershocks. Seismographic recordings for one of these aftershocks, a magnitude 4.1 earthquake, for each of the three stations are shown in Figure 2, below. Note that the epicenter of the aftershock was far enough away that all of the recording stations could be considered to be about the same distance from the earthquake. Figure 2: Three seismograms of aftershocks at stations S1, S3, and S4 $4 S3 S1 wwwmmmm 45 55 65 75 85 95 Time (sec) Amplitude
Transcribed Image Text:Read the text below that follows concerning the Loma Prieta Earthquake. Examine Figure 1 and Figure 2 as you read this text. The Loma Prieta Earthquake On October 17, 1989, just prior to game one of the World Series between the San Francisco Giants and the Oakland Athletics, a magnitude 7.1 Earthquake struck northern California (This earthquake is known as the Loma Prieta Earthquake). The earthquake occurred in the mountains west of San Jose California on the San Andreas Fault. As a result of the earthquake, 41 people were killed when a double-decked section of the Nimitz Freeway in Oakland collapsed, crushing people in the cars on the lower deck. A geologic map showing the various rock types present in the Oakland area and the location of the collapsed portion of the freeway (shown as a short-dashed line) is depicted below in Figure 1. Between the thick bars is the area where the freeway was double-decked. On the map, the areas marked as Holocene mud are areas that were formerly occupied by San Francisco Bay, but have been filled with loose sediment in the last several hundred years, the mud contains lots of water in the pore spaces between the grains. The areas marked Quaternary Alluvium are areas underlain by unconsolidated gravel, sand, and silt sediments deposited by streams over the last 2.6 million years. The area marked Franciscan Formation is underlain by solid sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks that are over 65 million years old. Figure 1: Simplified Geologic Map of the San Francisco Bay Area TREASURE IS. BAY BRIDGE YERBA BUENA IS. OAKLAND TO SAN FRANCISCO 3 km MAP AREA SACRAMENTO Holocene Mud, 0-40m thick a STOCKTON Quaternary Alluvium, 0-50m thick SAN OAKLAND FRANCStO Fransiscan Formation - Sandstone and Shale with Greenstone, Chert, Limestone, • GAN JO GE Conglomerate, and Metamorphic Rocks Several days after the magnitude 7.1 earthquake, small aftershocks shook the area. All had epicenters near the main shock of October 17. Seismologists placed several portable seismometers at stations S1, S3, and S4 (as shown on the map) and recorded these aftershocks. Seismographic recordings for one of these aftershocks, a magnitude 4.1 earthquake, for each of the three stations are shown in Figure 2, below. Note that the epicenter of the aftershock was far enough away that all of the recording stations could be considered to be about the same distance from the earthquake. Figure 2: Three seismograms of aftershocks at stations S1, S3, and S4 $4 S3 S1 wwwmmmm 45 55 65 75 85 95 Time (sec) Amplitude
A) What is Quaternary alluvium? B) What is Holocene mud? C) Which rock type shown on the map in Figure 1 is probably the most rigid and most consolidated? D) Which rock type shown on Figure 1 probably contains the most water? E) Which of the three sites (S1, S3 or S4) experienced the MOST shaking and how do you know? F) What is the geologic unit mapped at each site: S1, S3 and S4? G) Based on your answers on this table, how did the underlying geologic deposits contribute to the collapse of the Nimitz freeway?
Transcribed Image Text:A) What is Quaternary alluvium? B) What is Holocene mud? C) Which rock type shown on the map in Figure 1 is probably the most rigid and most consolidated? D) Which rock type shown on Figure 1 probably contains the most water? E) Which of the three sites (S1, S3 or S4) experienced the MOST shaking and how do you know? F) What is the geologic unit mapped at each site: S1, S3 and S4? G) Based on your answers on this table, how did the underlying geologic deposits contribute to the collapse of the Nimitz freeway?
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