A voltage reference is an electronic device intended to output a constant voltage However, such devices have small amounts of random drift in the output voltage over time. Suppose that, once per hour, a particular voltage reference will: • increase its output voltage by 1 V with probability • decrease its output voltage by 1 V with probability • keep the same output voltage as the previous hour with probability/ The random changes are independent from hour to hour. After being initialized with an output voltage of 30 V, what is the maximum number of hours he device can be used so that P(output voltage ≤ 40 V) ≥ 0.8413?

A First Course in Probability (10th Edition)
10th Edition
ISBN:9780134753119
Author:Sheldon Ross
Publisher:Sheldon Ross
Chapter1: Combinatorial Analysis
Section: Chapter Questions
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A voltage reference is an electronic device intended to output a constant voltage.
However, such devices have small amounts of random drift in the output voltage over time.
Suppose that, once per hour, a particular voltage reference will:
increase its output voltage by 1 V with probability
• decrease its output voltage by 1 V with probability
• keep the same output voltage as the previous hour with probability
The random changes are independent from hour to hour.
After being initialized with an output voltage of 30 V, what is the maximum number of hours
the device can be used so that
P(output voltage ≤ 40 V) ≥ 0.8413?
Transcribed Image Text:A voltage reference is an electronic device intended to output a constant voltage. However, such devices have small amounts of random drift in the output voltage over time. Suppose that, once per hour, a particular voltage reference will: increase its output voltage by 1 V with probability • decrease its output voltage by 1 V with probability • keep the same output voltage as the previous hour with probability The random changes are independent from hour to hour. After being initialized with an output voltage of 30 V, what is the maximum number of hours the device can be used so that P(output voltage ≤ 40 V) ≥ 0.8413?
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