A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is an oscillator that oscillates at a constant frequency and is controlled by an external bias voltage. A VCO's output is a frequer and its input is a bias or control signal, which can be either dc or ac voltage. Which the following assertions is a TRUE statement? Select your answer. The output frequency changes or deviates accordingly when ac voltage is applied to the VCO input. The output frequency changes or deviates appropriately when a square voltage is delivered to the VCO input. The output frequency changes or deviates appropriately when a DC voltage is delivered to the VcO input. The output frequency fluctuates or deviates accordingly when a dc or slowly shifting ac voltage is introduced to the VCO input.

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A: Output voltage of HWR can be calculated using the following relation  Vo = Vmπ1+cosα

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Operational Amplifier

An operational amplifier also called op amp is an integrated circuit or analog circuit that takes input as a differential voltage and produces output as a single-ended voltage. It is an IC that can amplify weak electric signals.An op amp has one output pin and two input pins. The basic role of an opamp is to amplify the voltage difference between the two input voltages. It is also used in filtering or to perform mathematical operations or in signal conditioning.