A university offers a Calculus class, a Sociology class, and a Spanish class. You are given data below about a group of students who have all taken at least one of the three classes. (i) Group 1 contains 187 students. Of these, 61 students have taken Calculus, 78 have taken Sociology, and 72 have taken Spanish. 15 have taken both Calculus and Sociology, 20 have taken both Calculus and Spanish, and 13 have taken both Sociology and Spanish. How many students in Calculus have taken all three classes? (ii) You are given the following data about Group 2. 32 students have taken Calculus, 22 have taken Sociology, and 16 have taken Spanish. 10 have taken both Calculus and Sociology, 8 have taken both Calculus and Span-

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.