A twin study was performed on the relationship between bone density and cigarette consumption. Forty-one pairs of middle-aged female twins who were discordant for tobacco consumption (had different smoking histories) were enrolled in a study and invited to visit a hospital for a measurement of bone density. Tobacco consumption was expressed in terms of pack-years. One pack-year is defined as 1 pack of cigarettes per day (usually about 20 cigarettes per pack) consumed for 1 year. One advantage of using twins in a study such as this is that genetic influences on bone density are inherently controlled for. To analyze the data, the investigators first identified the heavier- and lighter-smoking twins in terms of pack-years. The lighter-smoking twin usually had 0 pack-years (indicating she had never smoked) or occasionally either smoked very few cigarettes per day and/or smoked for only a short time. The researchers then looked at the difference in bone-miner density (BMD) (calculated by subtracting the BMD in the lighter-smoking twin from the BMD in the heavier-smoking twin, expressed as a percentage of the average bone density of the twins) as a function of the difference in tobacco use (calculated as pack-years for the heavier-smoking twin minus pack-years for the lighter-smoking twin). BMD was assessed separately at three sites: the femoral shaft (femur), the femoral neck (hip), and the lumbar spine (lower back). Only the femoral shaft and femoral neck are considered in this question. Data on these parameters are given in the Excel file; the format of this data is shown in the table below. Format of Data Variable M₂! ID Age fni fn2 fndiff fsl M₂! fs2 fsdiff Description ID Age Femoral neck (lighter smoking twin) Femoral neck (heavier smoking twin) LAUSE SALT fni fn2 Femoral shaft (lighter smoking twin) Femoral shaft (heavier smoking twin) fs1-fs2 Code yrs (a) Perform a hypothesis test to assess whether there are significant differences in mean BMD for the femoral neck between the heavier- and lighter-smoking twins. (Use Lighter - Heavier. Use a 0.05.) State the null and alternative hypotheses (in g/cm2). (Enter 1- for as needed.) Ho g/cm² g/cm2 9/cm² g/cm² g/cm² 9/cm² Find the test statistic. (Round your answer to two decimal places.) Use technology to find the p-value. (Round your answer to four decimal places.) p-value= State your conclusion. O Fail to reject Ho. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that there are significant differences in mean BMD for the femoral neck between the heavier- and lighter-smoking twins. O Reject Ho. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that there are significant differences in mean BMD for the femoral neck between the heavier- and lighter-smoking twins. Reject Ho. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that there are significant differences in mean BMD for the femoral neck between the heavier- and lighter-smoking twins. O Fail to reject Ho. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that there are significant differences in mean BMD for the femoral neck between the heavier- and lighter-smoking twins. (b) Perform a hypothesis test to assess whether there are significant differences in mean BMD for the femoral shaft between the heavier- and lighter-smoking twins. (Use Lighter - Heavier. Use a = 0.05.) State the null and alternative hypotheses (in g/cm2). (Enter 1- for as needed.) Ho! Find the test statistic. (Round your answer to two decimal places.) Use technology to find the p-value. (Round your answer to four decimal places.)