A truck of mass 3 tonnes runs into a buffer stop having three buffer springs each of 40 kN/cm stiffness connected in parallel. Find the maximum compression of the springs, and the load if the wagon is travelling at 60 kmph. 1-Equivalent Stiffness of spring in kN/mm is 2-Kinetic Energy in kNmm is 3-The maximum compression of the spring in mm is 4-Load acting on the spring in kN is

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Forming and Shaping

Metal forming is a category of metalworking process through which the material can be given the desired shape and size by subjecting it to plastic deformation, where the component undergoes bulk deformation process upon application of loads. Unlike the shearing and machining process, the material does not undergo up to a failure point as indicated in the stress-strain curve. Hence, the stresses induced during the forming process are greater than yield strength but less than the failure strength of the material. The process does not lead to the loss of material, so it can be said to be an economical process. During forming, the material is subjected to tensile forces, compressive forces, bending, and shearing loading conditions. The material should possess the property of ductility to undergo the forming process.