A town with a population of 150000 people is supplied with water through a pipeline from a reservoir 100 km away. Water is consumed by the population at the rate of 130 litre/person/day. The supply is continuous. Considering only the friction loss, find the suitable size of the pipeline. The difference of levels between the reservoir water surface and center line of the pipeline at the town end is 45 m. Take friction factor: f = 0.04.

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Field applications of hydraulic conductivity

Hydraulic conductivity is one of the hydraulic properties of soil defined as a measurement of the ability of a porous medium to permit water movement or fluid flow through it. It is denoted by the letter K. It is influenced by the density and viscosity of the fluid. It is also called permeability. Hydraulic conductivity is defined as the ratio of velocity to the hydraulic gradient. The different methods used to determine the hydraulic conductivity are laboratory methods (constant head permeability tests and falling head tests), in-situ field methods (pumping in and pumping out tests), small scale field tests (infiltration tests and slug tests), and indirect methods such as estimation from grain size, consolidation test data, and horizontal capillary test. The pedotransfer function (PTF) method is a specific empirical estimating approach employed in the soil sciences is also used to determine the hydraulic conductivity of the soil.