A torsional moment T = 8,867 Nm and a load P = 59,372 N are applied at the same time to a circular hollow shaft of unknown length L, as shown in Figure Q9. The shaft has an inner diameter d = 49 mm and an outer diameter D = 70 mm. Point A in Figure Q9 is on the outer surface of the shaft.        Figure 9   Calculate the maximum in-plane shear stress at point A. Use π = 3.14159 if needed. Calculate your answer in the unit: mega-Pascal (MPa). Report you answer to 3 decimal places.

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Combined Loading

Any functioning component, such as machine parts, structural members, pressure vessels, and so on, are all under the influence of more than one force. When anybody is under the influence of more than one force such as shear forces, bending moments, axial forces, torsion, and so on, then such body is said to be under combined loading. A very practical example of combined loading is the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine (IC engine). The crankshaft of the IC engine is under high rpm, which is caused due to the torsional forces. Due to the presence of piston, counterbalances, and internal imbalances, the crankshaft experiences lateral forces and due to the rise in temperature, the crankshaft undergoes thermal expansion, which pulls the crankshaft along the axial direction and lateral direction. The presence of unbalanced loads along the periphery of the crankshaft also induces a bending moment.