A thin layer of clay subjected to drying develops internal shrinkage stresses. The state of effective stress at a point in this layer is shown in the figure (a) below. Plane stress condition can be assumed for this problem. Elastic modulus, E of clay is 15 MPa and Poisson's ratio, v is 0.35. Hooke's law is valid during drying, meaning that Ex =

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Fluid Materials

In general terms, anything that flows can be termed as a fluid. In other words, a fluid is any substance that cannot resist shear forces and deforms continuously under the application of external shear forces. Fluid materials differ completely from solid materials such as metals and alloys. For instance, if we consider two infinitesimally small cross-sectional areas of fluid materials and solid materials, and apply shear forces to these elements, both the elements will undergo deformation. Upon releasing the shear force, the element of the solid materials will regain its original orientation, but the element of the fluid materials will keep on deforming continuously under the action of the shear force.