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a) The synthesis of ligand-protected gold nanoclusters involves two steps reaction. In the first reaction, gold ions (Au") are reduced by the ligand (abbreviated as L) forming intermediate state, gold-ligands complexes (Auʻ-L). Then, a reductant, sodium borohydride (NaBHa) solution is added to further reduce the Au'-L complexes into ligand-protected gold nanoclusters (abbreviated by L-Au NCs) with size less than 3 nm. Other important information regarding the synthesis of the L- Au NCs are as follows:

a) The synthesis of ligand-protected gold nanoclusters involves two steps reaction. In the first reaction, gold ions (Au") are reduced by the ligand (abbreviated as L) forming intermediate state, gold-ligands complexes (Auʻ-L). Then, a reductant, sodium borohydride (NaBHa) solution is added to further reduce the Au'-L complexes into ligand-protected gold nanoclusters (abbreviated by L-Au NCs) with size less than 3 nm. Other important information regarding the synthesis of the L- Au NCs are as follows:

Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics
8th Edition
ISBN:9781259696527
Author:J.M. Smith Termodinamica en ingenieria quimica, Hendrick C Van Ness, Michael Abbott, Mark Swihart
Publisher:J.M. Smith Termodinamica en ingenieria quimica, Hendrick C Van Ness, Michael Abbott, Mark Swihart
Chapter1: Introduction
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1.1P
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a) The synthesis of ligand-protected gold nanoclusters involves two steps reaction. In the first reaction, gold ions (Au*") are reduced by the ligand (abbreviated as L) forming intermediate state, gold-ligands complexes (Au'-L). Then, a reductant, sodium borohydride (NABH.) solution is added to further reduce the Au"-L complexes into ligand-protected gold nanoclusters (abbreviated by L-Au NCs) with size less than 3 nm. Other important information regarding the synthesis of the L- Au NCs are as follows: • (ki <« k:). The reaction rate constant of the first step of the reaction, ki is far lower than the reaction rate constant of the second step of the reaction, k2. • NABH, is a strong reductant. Without a control addition, it can cause over reduction of Au'-L complexes, leading to the formation of undesirable ligand- protected gold nanoparticles with size more than 15 nm and larger black gold precipitate. • Adding more ligands can prevent a fast and over reduction of Au'-L complexes by NaBHa, but the formation of L-Au NCs will take a longer time. Based on above information, SUGGEST the best way of mixing the reactants for the synthesis of ligand-protected gold nanoclusters. EXPLAIN why you suggest that method. You may draw schematic diagram to describe your answer. b) Below is an irreversible first order and second order reaction in series: k A → R → 2S The reaction rate constant for the first reaction is ki and the reaction rate constant for the second reaction is kr. If the reaction is performed in a batch reactor, what is the amount of S (mol L") in the solution after 10 minutes of the reaction? Other information is given as follows: Initial concentration of A, CAo - 10 M • k =2s • k=4 M s
Transcribed Image Text:a) The synthesis of ligand-protected gold nanoclusters involves two steps reaction. In the first reaction, gold ions (Au*") are reduced by the ligand (abbreviated as L) forming intermediate state, gold-ligands complexes (Au'-L). Then, a reductant, sodium borohydride (NABH.) solution is added to further reduce the Au"-L complexes into ligand-protected gold nanoclusters (abbreviated by L-Au NCs) with size less than 3 nm. Other important information regarding the synthesis of the L- Au NCs are as follows: • (ki <« k:). The reaction rate constant of the first step of the reaction, ki is far lower than the reaction rate constant of the second step of the reaction, k2. • NABH, is a strong reductant. Without a control addition, it can cause over reduction of Au'-L complexes, leading to the formation of undesirable ligand- protected gold nanoparticles with size more than 15 nm and larger black gold precipitate. • Adding more ligands can prevent a fast and over reduction of Au'-L complexes by NaBHa, but the formation of L-Au NCs will take a longer time. Based on above information, SUGGEST the best way of mixing the reactants for the synthesis of ligand-protected gold nanoclusters. EXPLAIN why you suggest that method. You may draw schematic diagram to describe your answer. b) Below is an irreversible first order and second order reaction in series: k A → R → 2S The reaction rate constant for the first reaction is ki and the reaction rate constant for the second reaction is kr. If the reaction is performed in a batch reactor, what is the amount of S (mol L") in the solution after 10 minutes of the reaction? Other information is given as follows: Initial concentration of A, CAo - 10 M • k =2s • k=4 M s
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