A supersonic nozzle is a cone-shaped object with a smallhole in the end through which a gas is forced. As it movesthrough the nozzle opening, the gas expands in a mannerthat can be approximated as reversible and adiabatic.Such nozzles are used in molecular beams (see Section18.5) and in supersonic aircraft engines to provide thrust,because as the gas cools, its random thermal energy isconverted into directed motion of the molecules with average velocity v. Little thermodynamic work is done becausethe external pressure is low; thus, the net effect is to convert thermal energy to net translational motion of the gasmolecules. Suppose the gas in the nozzle is helium; itspressure is 50 atm and its temperature is 400 K before itbegins its expansion.(a) What are the average speed and the average velocity of the molecules before the expansion?(b) What will be the temperature of the gas after its pressure has decreased to 1.0 atm in the expansion?(c) What is the average velocity of the molecules at this point in the expansion?
A supersonic nozzle is a cone-shaped object with a smallhole in the end through which a gas is forced. As it movesthrough the nozzle opening, the gas expands in a mannerthat can be approximated as reversible and adiabatic.Such nozzles are used in molecular beams (see Section18.5) and in supersonic aircraft engines to provide thrust,because as the gas cools, its random thermal energy isconverted into directed motion of the molecules with average velocity v. Little thermodynamic work is done becausethe external pressure is low; thus, the net effect is to convert thermal energy to net translational motion of the gasmolecules. Suppose the gas in the nozzle is helium; itspressure is 50 atm and its temperature is 400 K before itbegins its expansion.(a) What are the average speed and the average velocity of the molecules before the expansion?(b) What will be the temperature of the gas after its pressure has decreased to 1.0 atm in the expansion?(c) What is the average velocity of the molecules at this point in the expansion?
A supersonic nozzle is a cone-shaped object with a smallhole in the end through which a gas is forced. As it movesthrough the nozzle opening, the gas expands in a mannerthat can be approximated as reversible and adiabatic.Such nozzles are used in molecular beams (see Section18.5) and in supersonic aircraft engines to provide thrust,because as the gas cools, its random thermal energy isconverted into directed motion of the molecules with average velocity v. Little thermodynamic work is done becausethe external pressure is low; thus, the net effect is to convert thermal energy to net translational motion of the gasmolecules. Suppose the gas in the nozzle is helium; itspressure is 50 atm and its temperature is 400 K before itbegins its expansion.(a) What are the average speed and the average velocity of the molecules before the expansion?(b) What will be the temperature of the gas after its pressure has decreased to 1.0 atm in the expansion?(c) What is the average velocity of the molecules at this point in the expansion?
A supersonic nozzle is a cone-shaped object with a small hole in the end through which a gas is forced. As it moves through the nozzle opening, the gas expands in a manner that can be approximated as reversible and adiabatic. Such nozzles are used in molecular beams (see Section 18.5) and in supersonic aircraft engines to provide thrust, because as the gas cools, its random thermal energy is converted into directed motion of the molecules with average velocity v. Little thermodynamic work is done because the external pressure is low; thus, the net effect is to convert thermal energy to net translational motion of the gas molecules. Suppose the gas in the nozzle is helium; its pressure is 50 atm and its temperature is 400 K before it begins its expansion. (a) What are the average speed and the average velocity of the molecules before the expansion? (b) What will be the temperature of the gas after its pressure has decreased to 1.0 atm in the expansion? (c) What is the average velocity of the molecules at this point in the expansion?
Science that deals with the amount of energy transferred from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state.
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