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A student adds 2.84 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate to his wet solution. What is the maximum amount of water that can be removed this way?

A student adds 2.84 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate to his wet solution. What is the maximum amount of water that can be removed this way?

Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Synthesis of p-Bromoaniline

A student adds 2.84 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate to his wet solution. What is the maximum amount of water that can be removed this way?

  3.60 g 

  0.72 g 

  2.24 g 

  1.44 g

 

**Experiment 6: Synthesis of p-Bromoaniline** **Introduction** Since the amino group of aniline is a strong activator of the aromatic ring, direct bromination is impractical because it leads to several products (Equation 1) that are difficult to separate. To make the desired product, the amino group needs to be protected as the acetamide, which also maintains the direction of the incoming electrophile into ortho and para position. It slows down the rate of reaction and introduces steric hindrance for the ortho positions (Equation 2). Both factors lead to an increased selectivity for the desired para product (Equation 3). The acetamide can be hydrolyzed back to the amine (Equation 4). This strategy of protection and deprotection is a very important tool in organic chemistry, especially in multi-step synthesis. In this experiment, p-bromoaniline was synthesized in three steps starting from aniline. **Equation 1:** The equation shows aniline reacting with bromine (Br₂) resulting in a mixture of brominated products, including ortho and para-brominated anilines, due to the directing effect of the amino group. **Equation 2:** The amino group of aniline is protected by acetylation using acetic anhydride, resulting in acetanilide, which decreases the reactivity and directs the electrophilic bromination to the para position. **Equation 3:** Acetanilide is reacted with bromine to produce p-bromoacetanilide, largely preventing ortho substitution through steric hindrance. **Equation 4:** Finally, p-bromoacetanilide undergoes acid hydrolysis to remove the acetamide protection group, yielding p-bromoaniline. This procedure illustrates a multi-step synthesis incorporating protection and deprotection strategies to achieve selective bromination at the para position of an aromatic ring.
Transcribed Image Text:**Experiment 6: Synthesis of p-Bromoaniline** **Introduction** Since the amino group of aniline is a strong activator of the aromatic ring, direct bromination is impractical because it leads to several products (Equation 1) that are difficult to separate. To make the desired product, the amino group needs to be protected as the acetamide, which also maintains the direction of the incoming electrophile into ortho and para position. It slows down the rate of reaction and introduces steric hindrance for the ortho positions (Equation 2). Both factors lead to an increased selectivity for the desired para product (Equation 3). The acetamide can be hydrolyzed back to the amine (Equation 4). This strategy of protection and deprotection is a very important tool in organic chemistry, especially in multi-step synthesis. In this experiment, p-bromoaniline was synthesized in three steps starting from aniline. **Equation 1:** The equation shows aniline reacting with bromine (Br₂) resulting in a mixture of brominated products, including ortho and para-brominated anilines, due to the directing effect of the amino group. **Equation 2:** The amino group of aniline is protected by acetylation using acetic anhydride, resulting in acetanilide, which decreases the reactivity and directs the electrophilic bromination to the para position. **Equation 3:** Acetanilide is reacted with bromine to produce p-bromoacetanilide, largely preventing ortho substitution through steric hindrance. **Equation 4:** Finally, p-bromoacetanilide undergoes acid hydrolysis to remove the acetamide protection group, yielding p-bromoaniline. This procedure illustrates a multi-step synthesis incorporating protection and deprotection strategies to achieve selective bromination at the para position of an aromatic ring.
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