A structure is designed as a horizontal cantilever beam, of circular cross-section, and length 1 m. One end is built into a wall and the other supports a load of 3 kN. Applying a safety factor of 2, what bar diameter is required to prevent surface yield- ing, if the material is: (a) mild steel of yield strength 225 MPa? (b) maraging steel of yield strength 2250 MPa?

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.