A solid transmission shaft has length 10 m and diameter 100 mm. The shaft is supported by frictionless bearing at ends that acts as simple supports. In addition to its self-weight acting as a uniformly distributed load per unit length, an operational torque of 5m kN-m is also applied. The density and yield strength of the material are 8000 kg/m3 and 350 MPa respectively. Use g = 10 m/s2 and ignore the effect of transverse shear stress. The factor of safety of the shaft as per Tresca - (rounded off to two decimal places) %3D criterion is

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Combined Loading

Any functioning component, such as machine parts, structural members, pressure vessels, and so on, are all under the influence of more than one force. When anybody is under the influence of more than one force such as shear forces, bending moments, axial forces, torsion, and so on, then such body is said to be under combined loading. A very practical example of combined loading is the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine (IC engine). The crankshaft of the IC engine is under high rpm, which is caused due to the torsional forces. Due to the presence of piston, counterbalances, and internal imbalances, the crankshaft experiences lateral forces and due to the rise in temperature, the crankshaft undergoes thermal expansion, which pulls the crankshaft along the axial direction and lateral direction. The presence of unbalanced loads along the periphery of the crankshaft also induces a bending moment.