A soil profile is provided below. The estimated stresses from a spread footing overlying a 10 meter thick over-consolidated clay layer are: 180.0 kN/sq m (top of the clay layer) 64.3 kN/sq m (bottom of the clay layer) 97.2 kN/sq m (middle of the clay layer) Estimate the primary settlement (in meters) of the clay layer assuming Cc'=Cc/log(1+eo)= 0.44 and Cs’ = Cs/log(1+eo)= 0.08 taken from consolidation curves. Assume the pre-consolidation pressure is 160 kPa. Assume no settlement from the overlying sand Depth O (GS) layer. Yay =(7.3 SAND -3 m YSAT =19.82 -13m

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Fluid Materials

In general terms, anything that flows can be termed as a fluid. In other words, a fluid is any substance that cannot resist shear forces and deforms continuously under the application of external shear forces. Fluid materials differ completely from solid materials such as metals and alloys. For instance, if we consider two infinitesimally small cross-sectional areas of fluid materials and solid materials, and apply shear forces to these elements, both the elements will undergo deformation. Upon releasing the shear force, the element of the solid materials will regain its original orientation, but the element of the fluid materials will keep on deforming continuously under the action of the shear force.