A six-cylinder, four-stroke, 4.5-L compression-ignition engine operates on the ideal diesel cycle with a compression ratio of 18. The air is at 95 kPa and 55°C at the beginning of the compression process and the engine speed is 2000 rpm. The engine uses light diesel fuel with a heating value of 42,500 kJ/kg, an air-fuel ratio of 24, and a combustion efficiency of 98 percent. Take c, = 0.716 kJ/kg K, c, = 1.0 kJ/kg K. Determine the: 1. maximum temperature in the cycle. 2. cut-off ratio. 3. net work output per cycle. 4. thermal efficiency. 5. mean effective pressure.

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Buckling of columns

The column is described as a vertical member of the structure that carries an axial compressive load, and buckling is a lateral deformation of the column under the application of load.