A second order all-pass filter (APF) passes all frequency components present in an input signal without affecting their amplitude, however affecting their phase (or equivalently the time delay with respect to the input signal). The APF can be implemented using the system shown in block diagram form because its transfer function H(s) is given by H(s)= s² - As + B s² + As + B A and B are positive scalars Without assigning values to the scalars A and B, with s= jo, show that | H(s = jo) |=1 for all possible values of frequency o. Additionally, derive a formula for the phase of H(s = jo) as a function of frequency without assigning values to the scalars A and B. Obtain the step-response of the APF. That is, assume that the system input x(t) is a unit step u(t) and analytically (use Laplace Transform tables) determine the system output y(t). Use MATLAB to plot the output y(t) as a function of time t. Use an appropriately sized time interval that shows the complete response as it settles into its steady state value.

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Transfer function is given need part A,and B do not need matlab.

### Understanding Second Order All-Pass Filters (APF)

**Concept Overview:**
A second order all-pass filter (APF) is designed to pass all frequency components of an input signal without altering their amplitude. However, it modifies the phase (or equivalently, the time delay) relative to the input signal. This makes APFs useful in applications where phase alterations are necessary without disturbing the amplitude.

**Transfer Function:**
The system can be described by its transfer function \( H(s) \), given by:

\[
H(s) = \frac{s^2 - As + B}{s^2 + As + B}
\]

where \( A \) and \( B \) are positive scalars.

**Key Tasks:**

1. **Magnitude Analysis:**
   - Show that the magnitude of the transfer function \( |H(s = j\omega)| = 1 \) for all values of frequency \( \omega \).
   - This means the filter passes all frequencies without changing their amplitude.

2. **Phase Analysis:**
   - Derive a formula for the phase of \( H(s = j\omega) \) regarding frequency \( \omega \) without substituting specific values for \( A \) and \( B \).

3. **Step-Response Analysis:**
   - Assume the system input \( x(t) \) is a unit step \( u(t) \).
   - Using Laplace Transform tables, analytically determine the system output \( y(t) \).

**MATLAB Implementation:**
- Use MATLAB to plot the output \( y(t) \) as a function of time \( t \).
- Ensure the time interval chosen is sufficient to display the complete response as it reaches its steady-state value.

This analysis will confirm the APF's qualities and its effects on signal phase, demonstrating its practical applications in signal processing.
Transcribed Image Text:### Understanding Second Order All-Pass Filters (APF) **Concept Overview:** A second order all-pass filter (APF) is designed to pass all frequency components of an input signal without altering their amplitude. However, it modifies the phase (or equivalently, the time delay) relative to the input signal. This makes APFs useful in applications where phase alterations are necessary without disturbing the amplitude. **Transfer Function:** The system can be described by its transfer function \( H(s) \), given by: \[ H(s) = \frac{s^2 - As + B}{s^2 + As + B} \] where \( A \) and \( B \) are positive scalars. **Key Tasks:** 1. **Magnitude Analysis:** - Show that the magnitude of the transfer function \( |H(s = j\omega)| = 1 \) for all values of frequency \( \omega \). - This means the filter passes all frequencies without changing their amplitude. 2. **Phase Analysis:** - Derive a formula for the phase of \( H(s = j\omega) \) regarding frequency \( \omega \) without substituting specific values for \( A \) and \( B \). 3. **Step-Response Analysis:** - Assume the system input \( x(t) \) is a unit step \( u(t) \). - Using Laplace Transform tables, analytically determine the system output \( y(t) \). **MATLAB Implementation:** - Use MATLAB to plot the output \( y(t) \) as a function of time \( t \). - Ensure the time interval chosen is sufficient to display the complete response as it reaches its steady-state value. This analysis will confirm the APF's qualities and its effects on signal phase, demonstrating its practical applications in signal processing.
The given image shows the mathematical expression for a transfer function H(s). It is expressed as:

\[ H(s) = \frac{b_2 s^2 - b_1 K_1 s + K_1' K_2 b_0}{s^2 - a_1 K_1 s + a_b K_1 K_2} \]

- The numerator comprises terms involving coefficients \( b_2 \), \( b_1 \), and \( b_0 \), and variables \( s \), \( K_1 \), \( K_1' \), and \( K_2 \).
- The denominator includes terms with coefficients \( a_1 \), \( a_b \), and constants \( K_1 \) and \( K_2 \).
- The variable \( s \) is typically used in control systems and signal processing to denote the complex frequency domain. 

This formula may represent a control system component, filter, or other dynamic system behavior in the s-domain, useful in fields like electrical engineering and automation.
Transcribed Image Text:The given image shows the mathematical expression for a transfer function H(s). It is expressed as: \[ H(s) = \frac{b_2 s^2 - b_1 K_1 s + K_1' K_2 b_0}{s^2 - a_1 K_1 s + a_b K_1 K_2} \] - The numerator comprises terms involving coefficients \( b_2 \), \( b_1 \), and \( b_0 \), and variables \( s \), \( K_1 \), \( K_1' \), and \( K_2 \). - The denominator includes terms with coefficients \( a_1 \), \( a_b \), and constants \( K_1 \) and \( K_2 \). - The variable \( s \) is typically used in control systems and signal processing to denote the complex frequency domain. This formula may represent a control system component, filter, or other dynamic system behavior in the s-domain, useful in fields like electrical engineering and automation.
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