A retaining wall 6m high retains sand with o=30° and unit weight 24 kN/m3 up to a depth 3m from top. From 3m to 6m, the material is a cohesive soil with c= 20 kN/m2 and o=20°. Unit weight of cohesive soil is 18 kN/m3. A uniform surcharge of 100 kN/m2 acts on the top of soil. Determine the total lateral pressure acting on the wall and its point of application. Soil 1 C =0 6 = 30° y = 24 3 m H, 6 m2 So:l 2 C = 20 0= 20° Y = 18 3 m

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.