A researcher notes that there seems to be a difference in the prevalence of high cholesterol among individuals who smoke and consume diets high in processed food and the prevalence of high cholesterol among individuals who do not smoke and do not consume diets high in processed foods. Use the appropriate hypothesis to determine if diet and smoking status are related (independent) at the 5%. This is the first step in determining if confounding has influenced the study’s results. Then interpret your response. Diet Low in Processed Foods Normal Cholesterol High Cholesterol Total Non-smoker 124 55 179 Smoker 69 152 221 Total 193 207 400 Diet High in Processed Foods Normal Cholesterol High Cholesterol Total Non-smoker 64 85 149 Smoker 98 153 251 Total 162 238 400 A) The chi square value of 4.65 is higher than the chi square value of 3.84, therefore we can accept H0 at the 5% level and reject H1, which states that smoking status and the amount of processed foods in an individual’s diet are not independent of one another. B) The chi square value of 4.65 is higher than the chi square value of 3.84, therefore we can accept H0 at the 5% level and reject H1, which states that smoking status and the incidence of high cholesterol are not independent of one another C) The chi square value of 4.65 is higher than the chi square value of 3.84, therefore we can reject H0 at the 5% level in favor of H1, which states that smoking status and the incidence of high cholesterol are not independent of one another. D) The chi square value of 4.65 is higher than the chi square value of 3.84, therefore we can reject H0 at the 5% level in favor of H1, which states that smoking status and the amount of processed foods in an individual’s diet are not independent of one another.
Addition Rule of Probability
It simply refers to the likelihood of an event taking place whenever the occurrence of an event is uncertain. The probability of a single event can be calculated by dividing the number of successful trials of that event by the total number of trials.
Expected Value
When a large number of trials are performed for any random variable ‘X’, the predicted result is most likely the mean of all the outcomes for the random variable and it is known as expected value also known as expectation. The expected value, also known as the expectation, is denoted by: E(X).
Probability Distributions
Understanding probability is necessary to know the probability distributions. In statistics, probability is how the uncertainty of an event is measured. This event can be anything. The most common examples include tossing a coin, rolling a die, or choosing a card. Each of these events has multiple possibilities. Every such possibility is measured with the help of probability. To be more precise, the probability is used for calculating the occurrence of events that may or may not happen. Probability does not give sure results. Unless the probability of any event is 1, the different outcomes may or may not happen in real life, regardless of how less or how more their probability is.
Basic Probability
The simple definition of probability it is a chance of the occurrence of an event. It is defined in numerical form and the probability value is between 0 to 1. The probability value 0 indicates that there is no chance of that event occurring and the probability value 1 indicates that the event will occur. Sum of the probability value must be 1. The probability value is never a negative number. If it happens, then recheck the calculation.
A researcher notes that there seems to be a difference in the prevalence of high cholesterol among individuals who smoke and consume diets high in processed food and the prevalence of high cholesterol among individuals who do not smoke and do not consume diets high in processed foods. Use the appropriate hypothesis to determine if diet and smoking status are related (independent) at the 5%. This is the first step in determining if confounding has influenced the study’s results. Then interpret your response.
|
|
Diet Low in Processed Foods |
||
|
Normal Cholesterol |
High Cholesterol |
Total |
|
|
Non-smoker |
124 |
55 |
179 |
|
Smoker |
69 |
152 |
221 |
|
Total |
193 |
207 |
400 |
|
|
Diet High in Processed Foods |
||
|
Normal Cholesterol |
High Cholesterol |
Total |
|
|
Non-smoker |
64 |
85 |
149 |
|
Smoker |
98 |
153 |
251 |
|
Total |
162 |
238 |
400 |
- A) The chi square value of 4.65 is higher than the chi square value of 3.84, therefore we can accept H0 at the 5% level and reject H1, which states that smoking status and the amount of processed foods in an individual’s diet are not independent of one another.
- B) The chi square value of 4.65 is higher than the chi square value of 3.84, therefore we can accept H0 at the 5% level and reject H1, which states that smoking status and the incidence of high cholesterol are not independent of one another
- C) The chi square value of 4.65 is higher than the chi square value of 3.84, therefore we can reject H0 at the 5% level in favor of H1, which states that smoking status and the incidence of high cholesterol are not independent of one another.
- D) The chi square value of 4.65 is higher than the chi square value of 3.84, therefore we can reject H0 at the 5% level in favor of H1, which states that smoking status and the amount of processed foods in an individual’s diet are not independent of one another.
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