1 A researcher is interested in identifying and estimating the causal effect of condomusage on venereal disease at the high school level. The researcher uses a simplemodel to determine the effectiveness of condom usage on reducing sexuallytransmitted diseases among sexually active high school students(1) infrate=Bo+B1conuse+B2percmale+B3avginc+B4city+u1,where infrate is the percent of sexually active students who have contractedvenereal disease, conuse is the percentage of boys who claim to regularly usecondoms, avginc is average family income, and city is a dummy variable indicatingwhether a school is in a city; the model is at the school level. The city has randomlygifted free condoms in high schools to students. Denote Z as the fraction of studentsthat accepted the condom gift at the school level. If Z is highly related statisticallywith conuse then it could be used assince its random assignmentwould ensure that it isan instrumental variable; a redundant variable in equation (1)an instrumental variable; a relevant variable in equation (1)Oa proxy variable: a redundant variable in equation (1)O control variable; a relevant variable in equation (1) The populationdistricts, and so forth) from which the samples are to be_-----is the population of entities (people, companies, schoolThe populationis the population of entities to which the causal inferences from thestudy are to bestudied; applied; of interest; appliedO studied; applied; of interest; drawnof interest; drawn; studied; appliedO studied; drawn; of interest; applied

Here given the model, infrate=B0+B1 conuse+B2 percmale+B3avginc+B4city+u1-----------1) 1) Variable…

Answered: A researcher is interested in…

Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897, 0079039898, 2018

18th Edition

ISBN:9780079039897

Author:Carter

Publisher:Carter

Chapter4: Equations Of Linear Functions

Section4.5: Correlation And Causation

Problem 2CYU

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What is an experiment?
The death rate per 100,000 for lung cancer is 7 among non-smokers and 71 among smokers. The death rate per 100,000 for coronary thrombosis is 422 among non-smokers and 599 among smokers. The prevalence of smoking in the population is 55%. The relative risk of dying for a smoker compared to a non-smoker is: [Refer to the chapter titled “Study Designs: Cohort Studies”] A. 9.1 for lung cancer and 0.30 for coronary thrombosis. B. 10.1 for lung cancer and 1.4 for coronary thrombosis. C. 10.1 for lung cancer and 8.4 for coronary thrombosis. D. 9.1 for lung cancer and 1.4 for coronary thrombosis. E. 12.4 for lung cancer and 1.7 for coronary thrombosis.
Researchers studying the link between prenatal vitamin use and autism surveyed the mothers of a random sample of children with autism and children with typical development. The table below shows the number of mothers in each group who did and did not use prenatal vitamins during the three months before pregnancy (periconceptional period). Autism. No Autism Vitamins - Yes 143 Vitamins - No 111 159 70 Do we have sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportion of children with autism is different between women that used vitamins and women that did not if the type I error rate you are willing to tolerate is 5%? Not able to determine We should accept the null We should reject the null We should not reject the null
Dr. Farah is an educational psychologist who is interested in studying the potential causal relationship between doing homework and academic achievement. In January, Dr. Farah has her students report their fall GPA (a measure of academic achievement) and estimate how many hours they spent doing homework during a typical week in the fall semester. In May, Dr. Farah measures the same variables again (the estimated number of hours spent doing homework during a typical week in the spring semester and their spring GPA). She finds the following correlations. Imagine that Dr. Farah noted a cyclical, reinforcing relationship between homework and academic achievement. For this to be case, which of the following correlations would need to be significant? a. Correlations 1 and 6 b. Correlations 2 and 5 c. Correlations 3 and 4 d. Correlations 2 and 3 Answer is C for this question. Why this one is the answer and others are not?
Elissa Epel, a professor of health psychology at the University of California–San Francisco, studied women in high- and low-stress situations. She found that women with higher cortisol responses to stress ate significantly more sweet food and consumed more calories on the stress day compared with those with low cortisol responses, and compared with themselves on lower stress days. Increases in negative mood in response to the stressors were also significantly related to greater food consumption. These results suggest that psychophysiological responses to stress may influence subsequent eating behavior. Over time, these alterations could impact both weight and health. You are interested in studying whether students living in the dorms or students living off campus have higher cortisol levels. You ask a sample of n₁ = 25 students living in the dorms and n₂ = 30 students living off campus to record their afternoon cortisol levels for a week. The average cortisol level for students living…
Elissa Epel, a professor of health psychology at the University of California-San Francisco, studied women in high- and low-stress situations. She found that women with higher cortisol responses to stress ate significantly more sweet food and consumed more calories on the stress day compared with those with low cortisol responses, and compared with themselves on lower stress days. Increases in negative mood in response to the stressors were also significantly related to greater food consumption. These results suggest that psychophysiological responses to stress may influence subsequent eating behavior. Over time, these alterations could impact both weight and health. You are interested in studying whether college juniors or college sophomores consume more calories. You ask a sample of n, = 35 college juniors and n2 = 40 college sophomores to record their daily caloric intake for a week. The average daily caloric intake for college juniors was M1 2,423 calories, with a standard…
A key hospital outcome measure of clinical performance is length of stay (LOS), that is, the number of days a patient is hospitalized. For patients at one hospital with acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), the length of stay over the past four years has consistently decreased. The hospital also has data for various treatment options such as the percentage of patients who received aspirin upon arrival and cardiac medication for Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (LVSD). The data are as follows: Year Average LOS Aspirin on arrival LVSD medication 2007 4.31 days 94% 89% 2008 4.10 days 96% 94% 2009 4.35 days 98% 97% 2010 4.13 days 100% 98% Calculate descriptive statistics for the data. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to four decimal places, when needed. Descriptive Statistics: LOS, Aspirin, LVSD Standard Standard Variable Mean Error Deviation Minimum Median Maximum LOS (days) Aspirin (%)…
A key hospital outcome measure of clinical performance is length of stay (LOS), that is, the number of days a patient is hospitalized. For patients at one hospital with acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), the length of stay over the past four years has consistently decreased. The hospital also has data for various treatment options such as the percentage of patients who received aspirin upon arrival and cardiac medication for Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (LVSD). The data are as follows: Year Average LOS Aspirin on arrival LVSD medication 2007 4.25 days 92% 2008 4.25 days 96% 2009 4.17 days 98% 2010 4.10 days 100% Calculate descriptive statistics for the data. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to four decimal places, when needed. Descriptive Statistics: LOS, Aspirin, LVSD Correlations: LOS, Aspirin, LVSD LOS Aspirin Aspirin LVSD Variable LOS (days) Aspirin (%) LVSD (%) Calculate correlations for the data. Do not round intermediate calculations.…
A key hospital outcome measure of clinical performance is length of stay (LOS), that is, the number of days a patient is hospitalized. For patients at one hospital with acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), the length of stay over the past four years has consistently decreased. The hospital also has data for various treatment options such as the percentage of patients who received aspirin upon arrival and cardiac medication for Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (LVSD). The data are as follows: Average LOS Aspirin on arrival Year 4.34 days 4.33 days 4.30 days 4.13 days Calculate descriptive statistics for the data. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to four decimal places, when needed. Descriptive Statistics: LOS, Aspirin, LVSD Aspirin LVSD 2007 2008 2009 2010 Mean 92% 96% 99% 100% LVSD medication Standard Error 89% 95% 97% 98% Variable LOS (days) Aspirin (%) LVSD (%) Calculate correlations for the data. Do not round intermediate calculations. Use a…
A key hospital outcome measure of clinical performance is length of stay (LOS), that is, the number of days a patient is hospitalized. For patients at one hospital with acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), the length of stay over the past four years has consistently decreased. The hospital also has data for various treatment options such as the percentage of patients who received aspirin upon arrival and cardiac medication for Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (LVSD). The data are as follows: Year Average LOS Aspirin on arrival LVSD medication 2007 4.33 days 89% 2008 4.34 days 94% 2009 4.12 days 97% 2010 4.29 days 98% Calculate descriptive statistics for the data. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to four decimal places, when needed. Descriptive Statistics: LOS, Aspirin, LVSD Variable LOS (days) Aspirin (%) LVSD (%) Minimum TODO Calculate correlations for the data. Do not round intermediate calculations. Use a minus sign for negative values, if any.…
A key hospital outcome measure of clinical performance is length of stay (LOS), that is, the number of days a patient is hospitalized. For patients at one hospital with acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), the length of stay over the past four years has consistently decreased. The hospital also has data for various treatment options such as the percentage of patients who received aspirin upon arrival and cardiac medication for Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (LVSD). The data are as follows: Aspirin on arrival Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 Average LOS 4.17 days 4.27 days 4.18 days 4.15 days Calculate descriptive statistics for the data. Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to four decimal places, when needed. Descriptive Statistics: LOS, Aspirin, LVSD Aspirin LVSD Mean Correlations: LOS, Aspirin, LVSD LOS Aspirin 92% 96% 98% 100% LVSD medication Standard Error Variable LOS (days) Aspirin (%) LVSD (%) Calculate correlations for the data. Do not round…
In a study of 301 Hispanic women living in San Antonia, Texas, one variable of interest was the percentage of subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG). IFG refers to a metabolic stage intermediate between normal glucose homeostasis and diabetes. In the study, 24 women were classified in the IFG stage. The article cites population estimates for IFG among Hispanic women in Texas as 6.3%. Is there sufficient evidence to indicate the population of Hispanic women in San Antonio has a prevalence of IFG higher than 6.3%? Use 95% confidence level and the p -value method to form your conclusion. Answer the problem in a complete sentence.

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