A recent study compared the heart rates of 19 infants born to non smoking mothers with those of 17 infants born to mothers who smoked an average of 15 cigarettes a day while pregnant and after giving birth. The heart rates of the infants at one year of age were 20% slower on the average for the smoking mothers. Could the results be due to confounding?

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Estimation

A new framework of data analysis where the new statistical methods are used for interpreting the results and analyzing the data is known as estimation in statistics.