A process should be allowed to access only those resources for which it has authorization. Furthermore, at any time, a process should be able to access only those resources that it currently requires to complete its task. This is commonly referred to as the need-to-know principle, or domain of protection. Discuss this “domain” and its structure, including the following: Whether the relationship between a process and a domain is static or dynamic Domain switching How domain switching happens in the following cases: Each user is a domain Each process is a domain Each procedure is a domain

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Concurrency Control

The simultaneous occurrence of two or more operations is called concurrence and the situation is called concurrency. In concurrency, the function of one operation can affect the function of the other and put data integrity at risk. Hence, management for the control of concurrency is required. The management or controlling system in the Database Management System (DBMS) that coordinates concurrent access is called the concurrency control system.