A poll surveyed people about taxing sugar-sweetened beverages. The results are presented in the table below, and are classified by ethnic group and response type. Are the poll responses independent of the participants' ethnic group? Conduct a test of independence at the 5% significance level. Opinion/ Ethnicity White/Non- Hispanic Asian- African- Row Latino American American Total Against tax 48 432 41 160 681 In favor of tax 55 235 23 147 460 No opinion 16 42 17 18 93 Column Total 119 709 81 325 1234 O Part (a) O Part (b) O Part (c) O Part (d) O Part (e) What is the test statistic? (Round your answer to two decimal places.) O Part () What is the p-value? O p-value < 0.001 0.001 < p-value < 0.010 O 0.010 < p-value < 0.025 0.025 < p-value < 0.050 0.050 < p-value < 0.100 O p-value > 0.100 Explain what the p-value means for this problem. O If Ho is true, then there is a chance equal to the p-value that the value of the test statistic will be equal to or less than the calculated value. O If Ho is true, then there is a chance equal to the p-value that the value of the test statistic will be equal to or greater than the calculated value. O If Ho is false, then there is a chance equal to the p-value that the value of the test statistic will be equal to or less than the calculated value. O If Ho is false, then there is a chance equal to the p-value that the value of the test statistic will be equal to or greater than the calculated value.

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.