A political candidate testing the effectiveness of a new advertisement takes a simple random sample of 300 voters before the ad goes on air and another sample of 250 voters afterwards. 158 of the 300 voters in the "before" sample say they support his candidacy, and 140 voters in the “after" sample say they support him. If p,= proportion approving his candidacy in the after sample and p,= proportion approving his candidacy in the before sample, which of the following is the correct test statistic for H : p,– P3 = 0 ? 0.56 - 0.527 0.56-0.527 (a) z =- (b) z = - |0.56-0.44 0.527 ·0.473 (0.542)(0.458) 250* 300) 1 1 250 300 0.56 – 0.527 0.56– 0.527 (c) z = (d) z = |0.542 ·0.458 |0.56-0.44 |0.527-0.473 550 250 300 0.56 -0.527 (e) z=- |0.56, 0.527 250 300
Addition Rule of Probability
It simply refers to the likelihood of an event taking place whenever the occurrence of an event is uncertain. The probability of a single event can be calculated by dividing the number of successful trials of that event by the total number of trials.
Expected Value
When a large number of trials are performed for any random variable ‘X’, the predicted result is most likely the mean of all the outcomes for the random variable and it is known as expected value also known as expectation. The expected value, also known as the expectation, is denoted by: E(X).
Probability Distributions
Understanding probability is necessary to know the probability distributions. In statistics, probability is how the uncertainty of an event is measured. This event can be anything. The most common examples include tossing a coin, rolling a die, or choosing a card. Each of these events has multiple possibilities. Every such possibility is measured with the help of probability. To be more precise, the probability is used for calculating the occurrence of events that may or may not happen. Probability does not give sure results. Unless the probability of any event is 1, the different outcomes may or may not happen in real life, regardless of how less or how more their probability is.
Basic Probability
The simple definition of probability it is a chance of the occurrence of an event. It is defined in numerical form and the probability value is between 0 to 1. The probability value 0 indicates that there is no chance of that event occurring and the probability value 1 indicates that the event will occur. Sum of the probability value must be 1. The probability value is never a negative number. If it happens, then recheck the calculation.
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