A plate load test was conducted in sand on a 300 mm diameter plate. If the plate settlement was 5 mm at a pressure of 100 kPa, the settlement (in mm) of a 5 m x 8 m rectangular footing at the same pressure will be (a) 9.4 (b) 18.6 (c) 12.7 - (d) 17.8

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.