A pipe bend has a cross sectional area of 0.01 m2 at inlet and 0.0025 m2 at outlet. It bends 900 from its initial direction. The velocity is 4 m's at inlet with a pressure of 100 kPa gauge. The density is 1000 kg'm3. Calculate the forces acting parallel and perpendicular to the initial direction.

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.