A petrol engine produces 250 kW while using 1.014 kg of fuel per minute. The fuel has a lower heating value of 45000 kJ/kg, and the engine has bore of 100 mm and the stroke-to-bore ratio of 1.2. The clearance volume of the cylinder is 1.178×10 mm³. The friction power is found to be 10% of the power that engine produces. Sketch (your own) the simple neat and clean block diagram of the engine, clearly indicating the control volume and control surface, with all the given data displayed on it. For air take the value of y= 1.4.

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Forming and Shaping

Metal forming is a category of metalworking process through which the material can be given the desired shape and size by subjecting it to plastic deformation, where the component undergoes bulk deformation process upon application of loads. Unlike the shearing and machining process, the material does not undergo up to a failure point as indicated in the stress-strain curve. Hence, the stresses induced during the forming process are greater than yield strength but less than the failure strength of the material. The process does not lead to the loss of material, so it can be said to be an economical process. During forming, the material is subjected to tensile forces, compressive forces, bending, and shearing loading conditions. The material should possess the property of ductility to undergo the forming process.