A person stands under an umbrella during a rain shower. A few minutes later the raindrops turn to hail—though the number of “drops”hitting the umbrella per time remains the same, as does their speedand mass. (a) Is the force required to hold the umbrella in the hailgreater than, less than, or equal to the force required in the rain?(b) Which of the following is the best explanation for your prediction?I. The force required is greater because the hail bounces off theumbrella, which causes a greater change in momentum and agreater impulse.II. Less force is required because the hail bounces off the umbrella,and hence has little effect on it. In contrast, the raindrops hitthe umbrella and come to rest.III. The force is the same in either case because the same mass ofwater (liquid or ice) hits the umbrella with the same speed.

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