A patient has been experiencing numbness and pain in their hands and feet during the winter. They were initially diagnosed with Reynauds (which is caused by an overactive sympathetic nervous system cutting off blood flow to the hands in the cold), but recently they have been experiencing issues with fine motor control in their hands, and the doctor is concerned that it could be Multiple Sclerosis. How could you test to see which condition is causing this?  If it is MS, what is causing these symptoms? Why did it start in their hands and feet?   How would you treat this patient, if they have MS?

Q: Jennifer had a terrible episode of vertigo (dizziness) that caused him to visit the doctor. Was her…

A: Vertigo is a a felling of dizziness.

Q: You are observing a neurological exam. The patient is having difficulty tandem walking. Tandem…

A: A human brain is the main part of the central nervous system. It has different parts and structures…

Q: The stage of spinal shock is characterized by the following except:-a- failure of spinal reflexes…

A: The complete loss of all neurologic function, including reflexes and rectal tone, below a specific…

Q: In the summer of 2014, a Georgia high school teen died after a day of football practice. 17-year old…

A: One's health depends on drinking enough water each day. Dehydration can result in fuzzy thinking,…

Q: Most people with Broca’s aphasia suffer from partial paralysis on the right side of the body. Most…

A: Aphasia is a condition caused due to damage to one or more language areas of the brain. In most…

Q: A 36-year-old woman presented with a history of seizures that began at age 16. Her seizures are…

A: The objective of the question is to identify alternative antiepileptic drugs that can be prescribed…

Q: Andre is a 68-year-old grandfather who has been struggling with his memory lately. At first, he was…

A: Human body is a complicated machinery. Like most machines, normal wear and tear has to be expected…

Q: A patient presents with paralysis of the right side of the body. A) You know that this patient has…

A: Yes, the patient has suffered brain damage because this is a medical condition called as Hemiplegia…

Q: Andre is a 68-year-old grandfather who has been struggling with his memory lately. At first, he was…

A: Alzheimer's is a neurodegenerative disease that cannot be reversed. It results in memory slowly…

Q: A friend who works in a research lab is conducting an experiment to study motor movement. First the…

A: The animal undergoes T5 spinal transection which is the injury that affects legs and trunk. GABA…

Q: A woman with a history of kidney infections was feeling pain in the skin of the lower part of her…

A: Kidney infection generally begins in the urethra and bladder and extends to our kidneys. Its…

Q: Some common symptoms of MS are vision problems, dizziness and vertigo, and difficulty walking. How…

A: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the CNS, MS affects the Optic nerves, brain, and…

Q: In some cases, phantom limb pain appears to be related to the patient's perception that the phantom…

A: Joint appendages in the human body used for movement including walking, running, and swimming are…

Q: Death of lower motor neurons Difficulty speaking & swallowing Inability to control voluntary…

A: Amyotrophic lattice chlorosis is a central nervous system disease affecting nerves. Muscle twitches…

Q: What other Alzheimer’s disease risk factors might exist that are not given in Andre’s history

A: Alzheimer's disease is the disease of the neurons of the brain which is progressive in nature which…

Q: What is the difference between Multiple Sclerosis and Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis?

A: Multiple Sclerosis is a disease that affects the brain and spinal cord. It destroys the myelin…

Q: A 67-year-old male patient arrives in the emergency department complaining of progressively…

A: Initial symptoms are the most important aspect of any disease. They should be noted at the earliest…

Q: 2 20. A 23-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after he was struck in the left arm…

A: The objective of the question is to identify the nerve that could be damaged due to a fracture of…

Q: A 21-year-old male medical student is taken to the ER by his roommates complaining of progressive…

A: Introduction In this case, 21-year-old medical students have a progressive weakness that can be a…

Q: A 36-year-old woman presented with a history of seizures that began at age 16. Her seizures are…

A: The objective of the question is to identify alternative antiepileptic drugs that can be prescribed…

Q: An individual diagnosed with CMT has difficulty holding a cup because: a. The myelin in the motor…

A: CMT It is also known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disorder. This degenerative nerve disease is a…

Q: Very briefly describe the clinical manifestations of Parkinson’s disease

A: Introduction :- Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily…

Q: A 36-year-old woman presented with a history of seizures that began at age 16. Her seizures are…

A: When managing a patient with a complex history of epilepsy who has experienced varying responses to…

Q: A 56-year-old woman presents with a skin lesion suspected to be malignant melanoma. Assuming that…

A: when cancer is benign than its nondangerous when its metastasis form  is the dangerous form.

Q: Explain the descending pathway from the brain where Mr. D decides to move his right leg to the…

A: The descending pathway is how motor impulses are sent from the brain to lower motor neurons, which…

Q: A 15-year-old girl complains of stress headaches. For the last few years, about one time a week, she…

A: Headaches are most common problems oftenly found in individuals. But several types of headaches with…

Learning and memory

Learning is defined as a relatively permanent and irreversible adaptive change in behavior. It always results from experience. The ability of an organism to store and recall the effects, sensations, and knowledge gained through learning and experience is called memory.