a) Mud is flowing through 4 % inch OD/ 3.64 inch ID, internal flush drill pipe. The circulating flow rate is 400gpm and the mud properties as follows : Mud weight = 10 ppg Yield point = 10 Ib/100 ft2 Plastic viscosity 30 cp 1. Calculate the pressure losses per 10,000 ft of drill pipe. 2. Calculate the pressure losses per 10,000 ft of drill pipe if use a water as a working fluids. 3. During the calculation case 2 at what velocity flow become turbulent?

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Measuring site work, Excavation and Piling

Bid drawings typically include very little material about the precise requirements of site work operations, measuring site work and excavation work differs from measuring most other works on a construction project. The actual site work conditions are not provided and also the dimensions of the excavations are not known during the pre-construction phase. The precise measurement of the excavation and backfill of the earth material and topsoil is important for a contractor to decide upon the total cost required for the process. All the works should be carried out under OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) standards to ensure the safety of the workers.