A long excavation with vertical sides and depth-to-width ratio of 0.5 is to be made in a deep deposit of soft clay, having an undrained shear strength of 20 kPa and a saturated bulk unit weight of 17 kN/m³. Assuming that construction traffic will impose a surcharge of 10 kPa outside the excavation, determine the maximum depth of excavation that can be achieved, with side support, if a factor of safety of 1.5 against base heave is required.

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.