A leaf spring of semi-elliptical type has 11 plates each 9 cm wide and 1.5 cm thick. The length of spring is 1.5 m. The plates are made of steel having a proof stress (bending) of 650 MN/m². To what radius should the plates be bent initially? From what height can a load of 600 N fall on to centre of the spring, if maximum stress is to be one-half of the proof stress? Take E = 200 GN/m².

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Bars

In civil engineering, bars refer to steel reinforcement bars or rebars. These are structural members primarily used for reinforcement purposes in masonry works. A bar is characterized by its cross-sectional area, which is negligible compared to its length. Bars are usually manufactured by steel which is uniform throughout the length, or by meshing multiple steel wires. Other materials of the bar include carbon steel, glass fiber, carbon fiber, and basalt fiber. The reinforcing bars are coated with epoxy resins and other materials to enhance some of their properties including corrosion resistance.