A Keystone Pipeline has a diameter of 36 inches and a design flow rate of 590,000 barrels per day of crude oil at 40ºC. Estimate the pump horsepower required if the length of the pipe is 2.9 mile(s). The pipe material is new steel. For crude oil at 40ºC, take  μ ≈ 0.0053 kg/m-s ÷ 47.88 = 0.0000111 slug/ft-s. The density, with SG = 0.86, is 0.86(1.94) = 1.67 slug/ft3. Take f ≈ 0.0155.

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Properties of Fluids

The term fluid represents a type of substance that can easily change its shape under any external pressure/force and can flow. Fluids can acquire any shape in which it is stored and can resist normal stresses but cannot resist shear stress in rest condition. Whenever external shear stress is applied to fluids, it starts to flow. The fluids may be liquid or gas. Example- water, air, etc.