A hollow aluminum tube used in a roof structure has an outside diameter d2= 112mm and an inside diameter d1= 80mm. The tube is 2.80m long, and the aluminum has a shear modulus of G= 28GPa. a. If the tube is twisted in pure torsion by torques acting at the ends, what is the angle of twist, in degrees, when the maximum shear stress is 52MPa? b. What diameter d, in mm, is required for a solid shaft, as shown, to resists the same torque with the same maximum stress? c. What is the ratio of the weight of the hollow tube to the weight of the solid shaft?

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Methods to Determine Vertical Stress

The load applied to the soil is transferred to the underground. The presence of water at soil pores and solid grains above the soil are the primary components that are responsible for the effective load transfer. Due to the load acting, the internal component of the soil or the underground formations undergoes deformations or a tectonic shift. The amount of deformation depends upon the amount of load acting on the soil surface, which indeed, depends on the weight of everything present above the soil. Due to this, the underground soil element develops internal stresses which try to resist the tectonic changes.