A group of students were debating the effi ciency of the fi ve-stage pipeline when one student pointed out that not all instructions are active in every stage of the pipeline. Aft er deciding to ignore the eff ects of hazards, they made the following four statements. Which ones are correct?1. Allowing jumps, branches, and ALU instructions to take fewer stages than the fi ve required by the load instruction will increase pipeline performance under all circumstances. 2. Trying to allow some instructions to take fewer cycles does not help, since the throughput is determined by the clock cycle; the number of pipe stages per instruction aff ects latency, not throughput.3. You cannot make ALU instructions take fewer cycles because of the write- back of the result, but branches and jumps can take fewer cycles, so there is some opportunity for improvement.4. Instead of trying to make instructions take fewer cycles, we should explore making the pipeline longer, so that instructions take more cycles, but the cycles are shorter. Th is could improve performance.
Instructions and Operation
Nowadays, electrical engineers are required to evolve their practices by incorporating embedded processes, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, and so on. These processors are beneficial in many ways and have changed the perspective of electronic design.
Subroutine Instruction
Subroutine instruction is defined as the instructions used in the programming language in a sequence form saved in memory. They are used to doing a specific task. Subroutine instruction is called a unit that instructs to perform some needed task. There are many programming languages in which subroutine instructions are used but have a different identity or name, such as method, function, subprogram, routine, etc. Subroutine or sub-program is designed or coded as they can be called multiple times while executing the program.
Classification of Buses
A bus inside a microprocessor is a collection of wirelines that contain related information. A group of wires required for communication among the microprocessor and peripherals is known as a system bus. A bus is an electrical or digital passage across which bits are transferred between a variety of computer elements. It mainly links all the internal parts to the CPU (Central Processing Unit) and main memory. The width or size of any bus is crucial since it affects the amount of data that is transferred at a certain time period. Buses always transmit data parallelly, in a 32-bit bus, the information is supplied over 32 wirelines simultaneously and each bus comprises a clock speed measurable in MHz. The various types of buses inside a microprocessor are address bus, data bus, and control bus.
Execution of Instruction
A sequence of instructions makes up a program stored in a computer's memory unit. The CPU executes these instructions by going through a cycle for each instruction. The instruction cycle in a simple computer includes the steps listed below:
A group of students were debating the effi ciency of the fi ve-stage pipeline when one student pointed out that not all instructions are active in every stage of the pipeline. Aft er deciding to ignore the eff ects of hazards, they made the following four statements. Which ones are correct?
1. Allowing jumps, branches, and ALU instructions to take fewer stages than the fi ve required by the load instruction will increase pipeline performance under all circumstances.
2. Trying to allow some instructions to take fewer cycles does not help, since the throughput is determined by the clock cycle; the number of pipe stages per instruction aff ects latency, not throughput.
3. You cannot make ALU instructions take fewer cycles because of the write- back of the result, but branches and jumps can take fewer cycles, so there is some opportunity for improvement.
4. Instead of trying to make instructions take fewer cycles, we should explore making the pipeline longer, so that instructions take more cycles, but the cycles are shorter. Th is could improve performance.
The Pipelining in a Microcontroller architecture can be defined as the set of the defined category of instructions to be executed in a single clock cycle. Pipelining is used to increase the efficiency of the process by effectively utilizing the available hardware resources on a microprocessor.
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