A gazebo is planned to be constructed in a community park as an additional shelter for visitors from sunshine and rain. The gazebo is supported by 4 units of rectangular steel rods - each with cross-sectional area of 7200 mm² and slenderness ratio of 0.026. The modulus of elasticity of the steel rods is 200 GPa and the maximum allowable stress, dy is 233 MPa. a. Recommend the maximum effective length of the rectangular steel used to support the gazebo when the safety factor of 1.67 and the support condition of the columns being one fixed end and one pinned end. Justify your answer. b. A new design suggestion for cost savings indicated that the cross-sectional area be reduced to 3750 mm² with length, L of 1.8 m and moment of inertia, /of 1.758 x 105 mm². Evaluate whether the columns will fail if the support condition of the columns of both ends fixed is employed. Justify your answer.

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Combined Loading

Any functioning component, such as machine parts, structural members, pressure vessels, and so on, are all under the influence of more than one force. When anybody is under the influence of more than one force such as shear forces, bending moments, axial forces, torsion, and so on, then such body is said to be under combined loading. A very practical example of combined loading is the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine (IC engine). The crankshaft of the IC engine is under high rpm, which is caused due to the torsional forces. Due to the presence of piston, counterbalances, and internal imbalances, the crankshaft experiences lateral forces and due to the rise in temperature, the crankshaft undergoes thermal expansion, which pulls the crankshaft along the axial direction and lateral direction. The presence of unbalanced loads along the periphery of the crankshaft also induces a bending moment.