(a) For the op-amp circuit shown in Figure Q1(a): (i) Derive the mathematical expression for an output voltage at stage 1 and 2 of the op-amp circuit. (ii) Determine the output voltage at stage 2, when the signal inputs at stage 1 are V1 = 3.0 mV, V2 = 5.9 mV, and V3 = 8.9 mV with circuit resistances of R1= 200k2, R2 = 509 k2, R3 = 1MN and Rf= 1 MN.

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Digital to Analog Converters

Digital to analog converters are commonly known as DAC, digital analog converter, D2A, or Digital-to-Analog converters. DACs are one of the important devices used in the electronics and electrical domain. DACs are the systems that convert a digital signal into an analog signal, whereas an analog to digital converter or ADC performs the opposite function. Digital signals are those signals that can represent the information or data as a set of discrete values. At a particular instant of time, a digital signal can only take a particular value of data. A digital signal is characterized by two unique values; zeros and ones, or true and false, represented by the Boolean domain. These are also known as binary signals or logic signals. Unlike digital signals, an analog signal is represented by continuous values, where at any time instant, the analog signal is represented by a real number.