(a) Figure 3.1 shows a voltage regulator supplying a load which has a value of 10 2. The circuit uses a 6.1 V Zener diode and a bipolar transistor that has a Bpc = 75. If the input voltage Vis 12 V, calculate (i) the output voltage Vo (ii) the Load current (iii) the base current (iv) the value of R to give a Zener current of 10 mA R V₁ 11-0 Vz Figure 3.1 Load

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Operational Amplifier

An operational amplifier also called op amp is an integrated circuit or analog circuit that takes input as a differential voltage and produces output as a single-ended voltage. It is an IC that can amplify weak electric signals.An op amp has one output pin and two input pins. The basic role of an opamp is to amplify the voltage difference between the two input voltages. It is also used in filtering or to perform mathematical operations or in signal conditioning.