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a) Explain why humid climates are necessary for the development of karst landscapes. b) Explain what impact air pollution and acid rain would have on karst landscapes.

a) Explain why humid climates are necessary for the development of karst landscapes. b) Explain what impact air pollution and acid rain would have on karst landscapes.

Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN:9780134746241
Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Publisher:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Chapter1: The Study Of Minerals
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15. a) Explain why humid climates are necessary for the development of karst landscapes.
b) Explain what impact air pollution and acid rain would have on karst landscapes.

the stages of the Geographical Cycle. Some Humid areas with limestone bedrock chart are: size of streams, direction of ero- sion, dominant processes, slope of the rivers, from a given storm, and specific locations more. Due to a sparse vegetation cover Ih each of cases, rain may not occur for a year bands of the landscape receive rainfall receive rainfall infrequently. In some drainage is underground, with few surface Caves, with their spectacular stalactites and rivers or lakes despite the humid climates. features created in karst landscapes. d the 13. Draw up a cha characteristics you might include in your and at influ- e river. influ- sion, dominant processes, slope of the river typical landforms, and uses of the rivers ce ogic 13•3 Karst Landscapes phoog develop special landform features known as karst landscapes, named after a lime stone region in Slovenia. The conditions necessary for the development of karst landscapes are beds of thick, hard, frac- tured limestone at the earth's surface, a humid climate, and fairly high relief (mountains, foothills, or plateau areas). The most characteristic surface features of karst landscapes are the many pits and hollows formed when water dissolves solu- ble limestone rocks. Streams often enter fissures in the rocks and disappear under- ground. In many karst areas, most of thne e four erial. me ys in ns. cter- your CHAPTER 13: HUMID AND ARID ENVIRONMENTS 267 stalagmites, are part of the underground Karst Landforms Water, moving over limestone rock sur- faces, creates solution furrows or rills, a few millimetres to several metres in length. The rills drain into hollows on rock surfaces. Rainpits form where drops of rainwater dissolve hollows into level rock surfaces. As these pits grow larger, they often hold water in small pools. Deep cracks, or grikes, from 15 to 60 cm in width, are created by solution along frac- tures or weaknesses in limestone rocks. Where limestone is dissolved over a long Figure 13.9 Pitted Land Surface of a Karst Landscape, Slovenia period, large, enclosed, cone- or bowl- shaped hollows, known as dolines, form where streams drop into underground cav- ern systems. Others are formed by the col- lapse of caves below ground level. Dolines often occur in groups, giving a 'pitted appearance that is a characteristic feature of karst landscapes. The photo in Figure 13.9 shows a typical doline-studded karst landscape. As the dolines grow together, they create large, flat-bottomed and steep- sided depressions known as uvalas. Where uvalas grow into large basins and valleys, they are known as poljes. Many karst drainage features cannot be observed easily since they are underground. Rivers commonly sink through cracks in the limestone and flow completely, or par- tially, below ground, leaving behind dry valleys. Only during periods of heavy rain- fall will water flow in these "dry" valleys. Where they occur above ground, rivers usu- ally occupy deep, steep-sided gorges, since the water cuts down quickly into the lime- stone through solution and abrasion. Underground rivers and water continue to dissolve limestone as they travel through the rocks. As time passes, the fissures are enlarged to form underground cavern sys- tems that can extend for kilometres. Uvala Doline rigure 13.10 Large-Scale Features of a Karst Landscape NATUR UNIT 5 268 It is only in caverns that depositional features are to be found with any regular- ity. Deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO,) - also called calcite seeps out of the rock into an open cavern. The two most common depositional fea- tures are stalactites and stalagmities. Sta- lactites are calcite tubes or cones that grow downward from cavern ceilings. Sta- lagmites grow upward from the cavern floor and are usually much wider than sta- lactites. Many famous caverns have spec- tacular displays of stalactites, stalagmites, and other unusual depositional features, made up of calcium carbonate. One exam- ple is illustrated in Figure 13.11. – occur where water Underground Cavern, Carlsbad Figure 13.11 Caverns National Park, New Mexico It's a Fact... The world's largest known natural underground room is the Sarawak Chamber, found in the Good Luck Cave in Mulu National Park in Borneo (Kalimantan), Indonesia. It is 700 m long, 400 m wide, and never less than 70 m in height and could hold 17 football fields! QUESTIONS 13-4 Arid Landscapes Arid landscapes develop where the rate of evapora- 14. Describe how region in which you live, or through which you are travelling, is a karst landscape. 15. a) Explain why humid climates are necessary for the development of karst landscapes. b) Explain what impact air pollution and acid rain would have on karst landscapes. 16. Explain why karst landscapes are: a) potentially dangerous or difficult areas in which to build urban areas; b) often excellent areas to develop for tourism. you would determine if the tion is greater than the annual precipitation. Precip- itation, when it does come, is often a result of convec- tional rainfall and is brief 11•6 and intense. This means that only narrow or
Transcribed Image Text:the stages of the Geographical Cycle. Some Humid areas with limestone bedrock chart are: size of streams, direction of ero- sion, dominant processes, slope of the rivers, from a given storm, and specific locations more. Due to a sparse vegetation cover Ih each of cases, rain may not occur for a year bands of the landscape receive rainfall receive rainfall infrequently. In some drainage is underground, with few surface Caves, with their spectacular stalactites and rivers or lakes despite the humid climates. features created in karst landscapes. d the 13. Draw up a cha characteristics you might include in your and at influ- e river. influ- sion, dominant processes, slope of the river typical landforms, and uses of the rivers ce ogic 13•3 Karst Landscapes phoog develop special landform features known as karst landscapes, named after a lime stone region in Slovenia. The conditions necessary for the development of karst landscapes are beds of thick, hard, frac- tured limestone at the earth's surface, a humid climate, and fairly high relief (mountains, foothills, or plateau areas). The most characteristic surface features of karst landscapes are the many pits and hollows formed when water dissolves solu- ble limestone rocks. Streams often enter fissures in the rocks and disappear under- ground. In many karst areas, most of thne e four erial. me ys in ns. cter- your CHAPTER 13: HUMID AND ARID ENVIRONMENTS 267 stalagmites, are part of the underground Karst Landforms Water, moving over limestone rock sur- faces, creates solution furrows or rills, a few millimetres to several metres in length. The rills drain into hollows on rock surfaces. Rainpits form where drops of rainwater dissolve hollows into level rock surfaces. As these pits grow larger, they often hold water in small pools. Deep cracks, or grikes, from 15 to 60 cm in width, are created by solution along frac- tures or weaknesses in limestone rocks. Where limestone is dissolved over a long Figure 13.9 Pitted Land Surface of a Karst Landscape, Slovenia period, large, enclosed, cone- or bowl- shaped hollows, known as dolines, form where streams drop into underground cav- ern systems. Others are formed by the col- lapse of caves below ground level. Dolines often occur in groups, giving a 'pitted appearance that is a characteristic feature of karst landscapes. The photo in Figure 13.9 shows a typical doline-studded karst landscape. As the dolines grow together, they create large, flat-bottomed and steep- sided depressions known as uvalas. Where uvalas grow into large basins and valleys, they are known as poljes. Many karst drainage features cannot be observed easily since they are underground. Rivers commonly sink through cracks in the limestone and flow completely, or par- tially, below ground, leaving behind dry valleys. Only during periods of heavy rain- fall will water flow in these "dry" valleys. Where they occur above ground, rivers usu- ally occupy deep, steep-sided gorges, since the water cuts down quickly into the lime- stone through solution and abrasion. Underground rivers and water continue to dissolve limestone as they travel through the rocks. As time passes, the fissures are enlarged to form underground cavern sys- tems that can extend for kilometres. Uvala Doline rigure 13.10 Large-Scale Features of a Karst Landscape NATUR UNIT 5 268 It is only in caverns that depositional features are to be found with any regular- ity. Deposits of calcium carbonate (CaCO,) - also called calcite seeps out of the rock into an open cavern. The two most common depositional fea- tures are stalactites and stalagmities. Sta- lactites are calcite tubes or cones that grow downward from cavern ceilings. Sta- lagmites grow upward from the cavern floor and are usually much wider than sta- lactites. Many famous caverns have spec- tacular displays of stalactites, stalagmites, and other unusual depositional features, made up of calcium carbonate. One exam- ple is illustrated in Figure 13.11. – occur where water Underground Cavern, Carlsbad Figure 13.11 Caverns National Park, New Mexico It's a Fact... The world's largest known natural underground room is the Sarawak Chamber, found in the Good Luck Cave in Mulu National Park in Borneo (Kalimantan), Indonesia. It is 700 m long, 400 m wide, and never less than 70 m in height and could hold 17 football fields! QUESTIONS 13-4 Arid Landscapes Arid landscapes develop where the rate of evapora- 14. Describe how region in which you live, or through which you are travelling, is a karst landscape. 15. a) Explain why humid climates are necessary for the development of karst landscapes. b) Explain what impact air pollution and acid rain would have on karst landscapes. 16. Explain why karst landscapes are: a) potentially dangerous or difficult areas in which to build urban areas; b) often excellent areas to develop for tourism. you would determine if the tion is greater than the annual precipitation. Precip- itation, when it does come, is often a result of convec- tional rainfall and is brief 11•6 and intense. This means that only narrow or
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