(a) Explain the difference between systematic and random errors. State whether the errors in (b)–(e) are random or systematic. (b) A 25-mL transfer pipet consistently delivers 25.031 + 0.009 mL when drained from the mark. (c) A 10-mL buret consistently delivers 1.98 6 0.01 mL when drained from exactly 0 to exactly 2 mL and consistently delivers 2.03 6 0.02 mL when drained from 2 to 4 mL. (d) A 10-mL buret delivered 1.983 9 g of water when drained from exactly 0.00 to 2.00 mL. The next time I delivered water from the 0.00 to the 2.00 mL mark, the delivered mass was 1.990 0 g. (e) Four consecutive 20.0-mL injections of a solution into a chromatograph were made (as in Figure 0-6) and the area of a particular peak was 4 383, 4 410, 4 401, and 4 390 units. (f) A clean funnel that had been in the lab since last semester had a mass of 15.432 9 g. When filled with a solid precipitate and dried thoroughly in the oven at 1108C, the mass was 15.845 6 g. The calculated mass of precipitate was therefore 15.845 6 2 15.432 9 5 0.412 7 g. Is there systematic or random error (or both) in the mass of precipitate?
(a) Explain the difference between systematic and random errors. State whether the errors in (b)–(e) are random or systematic. (b) A 25-mL transfer pipet consistently delivers 25.031 + 0.009 mL when drained from the mark. (c) A 10-mL buret consistently delivers 1.98 6 0.01 mL when drained from exactly 0 to exactly 2 mL and consistently delivers 2.03 6 0.02 mL when drained from 2 to 4 mL. (d) A 10-mL buret delivered 1.983 9 g of water when drained from exactly 0.00 to 2.00 mL. The next time I delivered water from the 0.00 to the 2.00 mL mark, the delivered mass was 1.990 0 g. (e) Four consecutive 20.0-mL injections of a solution into a chromatograph were made (as in Figure 0-6) and the area of a particular peak was 4 383, 4 410, 4 401, and 4 390 units. (f) A clean funnel that had been in the lab since last semester had a mass of 15.432 9 g. When filled with a solid precipitate and dried thoroughly in the oven at 1108C, the mass was 15.845 6 g. The calculated mass of precipitate was therefore 15.845 6 2 15.432 9 5 0.412 7 g. Is there systematic or random error (or both) in the mass of precipitate?
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