A domestic consumer has the following loads: 27 light points each 100 w, used for 5 hrs/day 5 fans, each 100 w, used for 4 hrs/day 6 A/C each 2.5kw used for 10 hrs/day 2 water heaters each 1.5kw used for 4 hrs/day Other remaining loads (refrigerator, TV, etc) consumes approximately 1 kw used for average 6 hrs/day Determine the monthly electricity bill using the following tariffs: (a) Flat rate tariff at 8 fils/unit (b) Block rate tariff of 6 fils for 1st 2000 units, 12 fils for 2nd 3000 units and 16 fils for remaining units (above 5000)

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Fault Analysis

In an electrical engineering system, a fault is an abnormal electric current flowing through the system, and fault analysis is the study of these faults. For instance, a short-circuit is a fault where the live wire touches the ground or neutral wire. If a circuit is interrupted by a failure of a current-carrying wire then an open circuit fault occurs. The open-circuit faults are also called series faults. One or more phases or ground may be involved in a three-phase fault or may occur only between two phases. Current flows into the earth in case of a ground fault or earth fault. For most situations, the prospective short circuit current of a fault that is predictable can be calculated. To limit the loss of service because of a failure, the protective devices can detect fault conditions and operate circuit breakers and also other devices. All phases equally can be affected in a poly-phase system which is known as symmetric electrical fault. The asymmetric fault becomes more complicated to analyze if only some phases are affected. By using methods such as symmetrical components, the power system analysis of these types of faults is often simplified. The main objective of power system protection is to design, detect, and interrupt power system faults.