A ditch is required for a utility line near an ephemeral canal, which at the time of excavation was filled with water. Within this excavation, there exists layer of sandy-silt of average thickness a 0.8 m cuts across the otherwise impermeable clay. This sandy-silt layer is situated 1.90 m above the bottom of the ditch and 7.5 m from the canal's bottom. The sandy-silt layer introduces a significant contrast in permeability within the soil structure. Specifically, the average vertical hydraulic conductivity is 1.5 x 104 cm/s, while the average horizontal hydraulic conductivity is 15 x 10 cm/s. The specific gravity of the sandy-silt layer was tested to be at 2.65. a. b. Determine the hydraulic gradient (Remember to include the pressure head). Determine the velocity of flow, in cm/s. C. Determine the seepage velocity (cm/s), if w = 25% and S = 0.75. d. Assuming a 1-m length of ditch, determine the flow rate of water (ml/day) from the canal to the river. Ditch EL:993 m. EL:991 m 100 m Sant layer EL:1000 m Canal EL:992 m

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Measuring site work, Excavation and Piling

Bid drawings typically include very little material about the precise requirements of site work operations, measuring site work and excavation work differs from measuring most other works on a construction project. The actual site work conditions are not provided and also the dimensions of the excavations are not known during the pre-construction phase. The precise measurement of the excavation and backfill of the earth material and topsoil is important for a contractor to decide upon the total cost required for the process. All the works should be carried out under OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) standards to ensure the safety of the workers.