A displacement transducer has the following specifications: Linearity error:±0.25% reading Drift:±0.05%/°C reading Sensitivity error: ±0.25% reading Excitation: 10-25 V Output: dc 0-5Vdc Range: 0-5 cm The transducer output is to be indicated on a voltme- ter having a stated accuracy of 0:1% reading with a resolution of 10 μV. The system is to be used at room temperature, which can vary by 10 °C. Estimate an uncertainty in a nominal displacement of 2 cm at the design stage. Assume 95% confidence.

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Strain Gauges

All the components used in civil engineering and mechanical engineering applications undergo deformations due to induced internal stresses under the application of external loads. Under repeated application of loads, there is a high possibility of failure of the components. Hence, periodic monitoring of the components and determination of stresses are very important.