(a) Describe how heart contraction and relaxation influence coronary blood flow. (b) Name the major branches of the coronary arteries, and note the heart regions served by each.
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(a) Describe how heart contraction and relaxation influence coronary blood flow. (b) Name the major branches of the coronary arteries, and note the heart regions served by each.
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- List the major blood vessels and their origins involved in coronary circulation. (ii) At what stage or phase of the heart’s activities does the heart tissues becomes perfused with oxygenated blood? (iii) Define myocardial infarction. (iv) Explain the typical signs associated with acute myocardial infarction. (v) Outline/State which arteries of the heart are most commonly affected/occluded. (vi) Explain why occlusions lead to infarct in the heart. (vii) What is creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and why are elevated CPK levels in the blood suggestive of a myocardial infarction? (viii) What is cor pulmonale? (ix) Describe the main clinical findings (with cor pulmonale) on examination. Explain your answer.(i)List the major blood vessels and their origins involved in coronary circulation.(ii) At what stage or phase of the heart’s activities does the heart tissues becomes perfused with oxygenated blood? (iii) Define myocardial infarction.(iv) Explain the typical signs associated with acute myocardial infarction. (v) Outline/State which arteries of the heart are most commonly affected/occluded.(vi) Explain why occlusions lead to infarct in the heart.3. (1) List the major blood vessels and their origins involved in coronary circulation. (ii) At what stage or phase of the heart's activities does the heart tissues becomes perfused with oxygenated blood? (iii) Define myocardial infarction. (iv) Explain the typical signs associated with acute myocardial infarction. (v) Outline/State which arteries of the heart are most commonly affected/occluded. Page 1 of 2 (vi) Explain why occlusions lead to infarct in the heart. (vii) What is creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and why are elevated CPK levels in the blood suggestive of a myocardial infarction? (viii) What is cor pulmonale? (ix) Describe the main clinical findings (with cor pulmonale) on examination. Explain your answer.
- (a) What is the cardiac cycle? (b) What phases and events are necessary to complete the cardiac cycle?Blood flow through the capillaries is steady despite the rhythmic pumping action of the heart because of the (a) elasticity of the large arteries only, (b) elasticity of all the arteries, (c) ligamentum arteriosum, (d) venous valves.Blood within the veins is prevented from flowing away from the heart because of the presence of: (a) venous reservoirs. (b) muscular walls. (c) clots. (d) valves.
- (a) Name the elements of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart in order, beginning with the pacemaker. (b) What is the important function of this conduction system?(iv) Explain the typical signs associated with acute myocardial infarction. (v) Outline/State which arteries of the heart are most commonly affected/occluded. Page 1 of 2 (vi) Explain why occlusions lead to infarct in the heart.Which part of the conducting system of the heart is localized in the interventricular septum? (a) the atrioventricular node, (b) the sinoatrial node, (c) the atrioventricular bundle, (d) the Purkinje fibers.
- The simple squamous epithelium covering the valves of the heart is called(a) epicardium. (b) endocardium. (c) myocardium. (d) endothelium.Identify the correct order of the blood flow pathway? (A) the pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the pulmonary trunk (B) the left ventricle pushes blood through the aortic valve (C) the tricuspid valve takes blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle (D)superior vena cava, opening of coronary sinus, and inferior vena cava take blood to the left atriuma)How is one-way flow through the heart achieved and What are the stages of the cardiac cycle and the changes in pressure that occur in thechambers?b)Define how cardiac output is calculated, and what it can tell you about heart function. c. What factors influence cardiac output to maintain adequate perfusion?