A cylinder of 3 in. bore diameter and 1.5 in. rod diameter must balance in tension a force of 450 lbs. What should the gauge pressure be? [Answer:84.9 psig]
Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements
Measurement is a term that refers to analyzing a manufactured component regarding the degree of accuracy for dimensions, tolerances, geometric profile, roundness, flatness, smoothness, etc. Measurement always involves comparing the manufactured component or the prototype with a standard specimen whose dimensions and other parameters are assumed to be perfect and do not undergo changes with respect to time.Precisely in mechanical engineering the branch that deals with the application of scientific principles for measurements is known as metrology. The domain of metrology in general deals with various measurements like mechanical, chemical, thermodynamic, physical, and biological measurements. In mechanical engineering, the measurements are limited to mechanical specific such as length, mass, surface profile, flatness, roundness, viscosity, heat transfer, etc.
Basic principles of engineering metrology
Metrology is described as the science of measurement, precision, and accuracy. In other words, it is a method of measurement based on units and predefined standards.
A cylinder of 3 in. bore diameter and 1.5 in. rod diameter must balance in tension a force of 450 lbs. What should the gauge pressure be? [Answer:84.9 psig]
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Dia., Dia.,
In.
In.
1½
1%
2
2½
3
3%
3½
4
сл
6
7
8
10
12
14
None
5/8
1
None
5/8
1%
5/8
1
None
5/8
1
1%
None 3.14
2.83
2.35
None
1
1%
None
1
1:36
1%
Effec.
Area,
Sq. In.
1
196
1%
1.77
1.46
.985
22 223
2.41
2.10
1.18
4.91
4.60
4.12
3.43
7.07
6.28
4.66
8.30
7.51
60 70
PSI
PSI
2½ 108.2
106
88
59
144
126
71
168
147
83
124 142 159
102
69
188 220
170
141
80
PSI
198
165
90 100 110 120 130
PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI
117 132 146
79
98
89
192 216
168 189
95
106
251 283
227
255
188
212
177 195 212
161
176
108
118
295 344 393 442
276 322
368
414
247 289
330 371
206 240 274
308
241
265 289
210 231 252
118
130
142
565 636 707
628
280
420 466
424 495
377 440 503 565
326 373
581 664 747 830
526 601 676
409 477 545 613
498
913
996
451
751
827
902
6.82
681 750 818
589 648
707
5.89
None 9.62
1 8.84
None 12.57
1178 1296 1415
1532
813
None
1
1997 2179
354 413 472 531
577 674 770 866
530 618 707 795
754 880 1006 1131 1257 1382 1508 1634
11.78 707 825 943 1061
11.09 665 776 887 998 1109 1219 1330
10.16 610 712
915 1016
1118 1220
19.64 1178 1375 1571 1768 1964 2160 2357
18.85 1131 1320 1508 1697 1885 2074 2263
13 18.16 1089 1271 1452 1634 1816
None 28.27 1696 1979 2262 2544 2827
136 26.79 1607 1875
1% 25.90 1552 1811 2069 2328 2586 2845 3104 3362
None 38.49 2309 2694 3079 3464 3849 4234 4619 5004
1% 37.01 2220 2590 2960 3331 3701 4071 4441 4811
None 50.27 3016 3519 4022 4524 5027 5530 6032 6535
19 48.79 2927 3415 3903 4391 4879 5366 5854 6342
1% 47.90 2872 3351 3829 4308 4786 5265 5744 6222
None 78.54 4712 5498 6283 7069
7854
1% 76.14 4568 5329 6091 6852 7614
75.40 4524
3675
3110 3392
2:43 2411 2679 2946 3214
3482
8639 9425 10210
8375 9136 9898
2
5278 6032 6786 7540 8294 9048 9802
None 113.1. 6786 7917 9048 10179 11310 12441 13572 14703
7697 8797 9896 10996 12095 13195 14295
6491 7573 8655 9737 10819 11901 12983 14075
110.0 6598
491
540
589
460
506
552
412 454 495
343
377
411
314
345 377 408
283
312 340
368
235 259 283
306
230
190
128
962
884
313
273
154
778
848
691 754
513 560
638
598
536
445
919
817
606
1079
977
886
766
1058 1155 1251
972
1060
1149
1441
1321
2553
2451
2360
None 153.9 9234 10773 12312 13851 15390 16929 18468 20007
2½ 149.0 8939 10429 11919 13409 14899 16389 17879 19369
146.8 8810 10278 11747 13215 14683 16151 17620 19088"
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