) A conventional consolidated drained (CD) triaxial test was conducted on saturated clean sand sample by using the following steps : (1) Set cell pressure to 250 kPa and allow the sample to consolidate with its drainage valve open at 100 kPa back pressure. (2) Shear the sample without any change in the drainage condition. The sample failed when the deviator stress reached 300 kPa. Use analytical solution to determine: (1) The slope of failure envelope in degrees. Assume c' to be zero. (ii) Slope of the failure plane in degrees. (iii) Shear stress and normal stress on the failure plane (in kPa). (iv) The maximum shear stress at failure (in kPa).

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.