A concrete culvert is to be constructed in a bed of sand (e = 0.65) for drainage purposes. The crown of the culvert will be located 3.5 m below ground surface. Currently, the groundwater level is at ground surface. But, after installation of the culvert, the groundwater level is expected to drop to 2 m below ground surface. Calculate the change in effective stress on the roof of the culvert after installation. You can assume the sand above the groundwater level is saturated.

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Pressurized pipe flow

A 15-kilometer-long pipe with a pipe diameter of one meter transports water at a speed of one meter per second. The pipe has a friction coefficient of 0.005. Calculate the frictional head loss?