A column 400 x 400 mm supports a dead load of 890 kN and a live load of 720 kN. The allowable soil pressure is 250 kPa. The base of the footing is 1.5 m below the grade. Assume weight of concrete is 24 kN/m3 and that of soil is 16 kN/m3. The total depth of footing is 560 mm and has an effective depth of 460 mm.   Find the shear stress for a two way shear or punching shear (mPa) Ans. (1.68 mPa)

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Load and resistance factor design

Load and resistance factors design (LRFD), also known as Limit state design (LSD), refers to the design method used in building engineering. A boundary condition is a condition of a structure where it can no longer meet the relevant design requirements. The condition may refer to the load level or other actions on the structure, while the terms refer to the integrity of the structure, suitability for use, durability, or other design requirements. A structure designed for LRFD is limited to keeping track of all possible actions during its design time and is always ready for use, with the appropriate level of reliability in each boundary condition. LRFD-based construction codes clearly define the appropriate levels of reliability in their instructions.