A clay stratum(8-) thick is lonafed depth of (6m) from the ground Serfuce The hatumt toisture Can tent f the clay is (56% and Gs-275 The Sal sthalum betwem the ground sur face and the clay Consist of fie Sand. The water table is focul l at depth t cam) below the ground Swface.The Sum berge d unit woglt of Pine Sand is (lo-5) kNm and its moist unit weiglt alwve water table is (18.68 KN) Caleulabe the effectiv shrss af the Center of the clay tayer.

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Asphalt Binders and Mixtures

Asphalt binders are subsidiary products procured during the refining process of petroleum while manufacturing gasoline, diesel, and similar petroleum products. Asphalt binders are obtained from the residue that remains after the distillation of petroleum, this residue is further subjected to steam distillation and oxidation to remove the traces of gas oil present in the residue. Certain additives or modifiers are also added to asphalt binders to alter them to suit different applications.